经济危机英文

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经济危机英文（精选6篇）

篇1：经济危机英文

letter of financial support november 2007 dear uk visa officer, we are the applicant,________’s supporters.we are happy to support the applicant to go to study in uk and willing to take the responsibility of sponsor to pay tuition fee, life expense and travel fee during his/her study in uk.we will provide him/her with enough money by bank remittance every year for any possible use in uk.we will increase the sum of guarantee money if necessary.she/he is not expected to repay the money.thank you for your assessment.yours sincerely, signature of support/s:篇二：经济担保书英文翻译

经济担保书英文翻译

financial support statement 我愿做__________国（地区）学生______________在南京大学学习期间的经济担保人，保证该生按时缴纳各种费用，该生不能支付有关费用时，由我负责支付。i am willing to be the financial supporter of mr./ms._________________________, a citizen of_____________________, during his /her stay at nanjing university as a student.i will make sure that he /she pay all the fees on time, and i will pay all the fees which he /she would fail to pay.姓名/name:_______________ 国籍/nationality:_______________ 证件号码/identification number:____________________ 与申请人关系

/relationship with the application:_______________________ 住址/address:____________________________________________________ 单位 /name of employer:_______________________________________________ 电话(住宅)/telephone number(home):__________________(单位/office):_________________ 担保人签字/signature:__________________________ 日期/date:_______________________篇三：中英文担保书

担 保 书

美利坚合众国驻 领事馆：

我们的孩子，男/女，出生于 年 月 日，护照号

码：，就读于 学校。参加 活动。我们保证他/她遵守一切规定，听从领队老师的命令，不私自离队，不单独行动，按时回国，他/她在美期间的一切费用由我们承担，如出现滞留不归的现象，我们愿意承担由此引起的一切经济后果和法律责任。

父亲签字：

母亲签字：

日期： 年 月 日 letter of guarantee signed by father: singed by mother: date:篇四：证件翻译之经济担保书英译样本

证件翻译之经济担保书英译样本

北京福瑞传翻译有限公司 提交于:2008-7-18 证件翻译之经济担保书英译样本

经济担保书是经济担保人为了对他人在国外留学期间所需要的费用进行担保而出具的一份带有声明性质的函件。取得合格的经济担保书,首先要确定有经济能力且自愿为申请人进行担保的合理的人选(如亲朋好友等), 其次必须由担保人出具经济担保的正式函件(包括自愿提供申请人在国外学习期间的学费、生活费等一切相关的费用)并签字, 三是须由担保人提供其本人的银行存款证明、收入证明或纳税证明等。对于经济担保证明书, 一般由担保人本人签字即可, 但最好经过其所在国家或地区的公证机关公证。经济担保书英文翻译（样本）financial support statement 我愿做__________国（地区）学生______________在南京大学学习期间的经济担保人，保证该生按时缴纳各种费用，该生不能支付有关费用时，由我负责支付。i am willing to be the financial supporter of mr./ms._________________________, a citizen of_____________________, during his /her stay at nanjing university as a student.i will make sure that he /she pay all the fees on time, and i will pay all the fees which he /she would fail to pay.姓名/name:_______________ 国籍/nationality:_______________ 证件号码/identification number:____________________ 与申请人关系/relationship with the application:_______________________ 住址/address:____________________________________________________

单位/name of employer:_______________________________________________ 电话(住宅)/telephone number(home):__________________(单位/office):_________________ 担保人签字/signature:__________________________ 日期/date:_______________________ 证件翻译之经济担保书英译样本

经济担保书是经济担保人为了对他人在国外留学期间所需要的费用进行担保而出具的一份带有声明性质的函件。取得合格的经济担保书,首先要确定有经济能力且自愿为申请人进行担保的合理的人选(如亲朋好友等), 其次必须由担保人出具经济担保的正式函件(包括自愿提供申请人在国外学习期间的学费、生活费等一切相关的费用)并签字, 三是须由担保人提供其本人的银行存款证明、收入证明或纳税证明等。对于经济担保证明书, 一般由担保人本人签字即可, 但最好经过其所在国家或地区的公证机关公证。经济担保书英文翻译（样本）financial support statement 我愿做__________国（地区）学生______________在南京大学学习期间的经济担保人，保证该生按时缴纳各种费用，该生不能支付有关费用时，由我负责支付。

篇2：经济危机英文

论文是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具，下面我们一起来看看关于经济发展的论文。

一、经济发展新常态基本特征之内在联系

经济增长保持在合理区间赢得了优化结构的时间和空间，是新常态的基础性特征。优化经济结构是梳理自己的家当、理性思考、总结得失、深化改革、创新思路、挖掘潜力、果断决策、千方百计把手里的事情做的更好，从增量扩能为主向存量和增量并重转变，最大限度发挥做强现有优势、不遗余力拓展做大新兴优势，是途径性特征。创新驱动是释放全体人民的热情和创造力，使每个人的聪明才智得以充分迸发、发展成果让每个人普遍享受，经济社会发展量力而为、国计民生大事量入而出、轻重缓急拿捏得当、良性循环健康发展，从而实现居民收入增加、生活水平提高，是目的性特征。新常态的内涵应当是调整、巩固、优化、提高，是稳中求进。新常态不是权宜之计，是一个大体量经济体健康发展应当保持的积极理性的正常状态。稳增长不能妨碍调结构，调结构过程中，不能放弃稳增长。速度、结构、驱动构成的特征之间是你中有我、我中有你、彼此相依的关系，缺项则不完整，不为新常态。面对新常态，至关重要的是全面把握新常态基本特征之间的有机统一、互为条件的关系，真正理解速度、结构、驱动力之间的有机联系，不可偏废、不能割裂、深度融合，在实际工作中切实践行经济发展新常态这一客观科学的论述，唯有如此，才能使这一论述发挥其引领中国经济健康发展的指导作用。

二、适应经济发展新常态贵在共识和主动

中国改革开放的伟大实践留下了鲜明的解放思想、转变观念的印记，回眸每一次历史性的进步，盘点每一个划时代的成就，无一不是思想解放、观念突破所牵引和推动。经济发展新常态的论述标志着中国经济发展理论更趋成熟，是发展理念的深刻变革，是指引科学发展正确道路的里程碑。因此我们只有把思想和行动统一到中央对新常态的认识和判断上来，才能真正解放思想、开动脑筋、开阔新思路，增强加快转变发展方式的自觉性，主动适应、从容有效应对新常态新情况新变化新任务的严峻挑战，也才能开创新局面。适应经济发展新常态是稳中求进。管控速度、稳中求进、科学发展是国家一个时期以来也是今后经济工作的总基调和政策原则。发展速度由高转为中高，不是孤立的指标下调，不是单纯的自减压力。综观国际国内经济起伏，世界政治经济格局的动荡日趋常态化，全球经济发展走势的不确定性明显增加，国内改革进入攻坚期，利益博弈角力加剧、社会矛盾叠加凸显，面对各种矛盾和挑战，保持清醒的头脑，巩固根据地谋取新发展、稳中求进无疑是明智的选择。适应新常态不是经济衰退的无奈，是为了更优更好发展的大智慧。适应经济发展新常态任务任重道远。进入新常态，改革发展任务异常艰巨繁重、工作的难度强度也大大提高，稳中求进稳扎稳打的发展对经济运行的组织和调控提出了更高要求，这种增长方式的转变告别的是简单粗放的发展方式，与之相伴的是结构的如何优化和驱动的怎样创新，需要做大量艰苦细致的工作，追求的是高质量高水平高效益的.发展，智慧系数要求更高、工作内容更复杂、难度更大也更艰苦，面对新常态尤其不能自减压力、掉以轻心、高枕无忧，要切实感受肩上的担子不是轻了，而是更重了。适应经济发展新常态必须发挥主观能动性。正确地认识世界重要，主观能动地改造世界更重要。适应新常态，尤其需要大兴调查研究之风。了解情况要深入实际，解决问题要雷厉风行。要找准优势和不足，分析核心竞争力和边缘产能，做大优质存量，整合淘汰落后产能，培育朝阳产业，发现培育播种培养经济增长点。各项工作不走过场、不推诿、不敷衍、不扯皮、不折腾，积极主动自觉地践行新常态。

三、应对经济发展新常态尤其需要变革与担当

应对经济发展新常态需要担当的勇气和奉献的胸怀。不计成本和后果，以牺牲资源和环境为代价的高速度以及靠拼资源、拼环境、拼投资、拼政策求发展已成过去。经济结构的优化、增长方式的转变需要非同寻常的勇气、能力、智慧、担当，需要科学的态度，运筹帷幄、精雕细刻、仔细把玩手中的、反复琢磨脚下的、付出艰辛、穷尽可能、做到极致，需要时间的检验，甚至是作出名和利的牺牲，蒙受可能的误解。创新驱动更不是瞎指挥、拍脑门，一时冲动、一蹴而就的，创新驱动是一个系统工程，尤其需要发挥科技、文化、教育的整体合力，需要战略眼光、超前思维、谋篇布局，有赖于全民族素质的提升，往往只争朝夕不能立竿见影。因此，以大我之心胸、为民之情怀、广阔之视野，踏下心来扎实工作、殚精竭虑、呕心沥血谋划健康发展、谋划国家未来成为伟大时代应当弘扬的一种非常宝贵的中国精神，社会需要正能量，国家需要脊梁型的精英来谱写奏响中国梦的辉煌乐章。

四、经济发展新常态必然催生中国经济的新跨越

篇3：德国经济概况(英文)

This paper is a country research based on management point of view.So most of the information involved will be business related.It will be divided into four parts.The first part will be the general description of the country Germany using the PEST (political, economic environment, socio-cultural environment and technological) business analysis model.The second part would focus on the industries in Germany that drives the country's economy.The main industries in Germany are Machinery Manufacturing, Electronics industry, Automotive industry, Chemical industry and Iron and Steel industry.The third part would specify the companies and their “innovative” initials.Three companies will be discussed in depth: Siemens, Volkswagen and BASF.The last part would be a summary of the problems and opportunities in Germany.

Part One: PEST

Political:

International trade is essential for every country.Globalization is the result of the increasing trade (in all forms) activities among nations.Thus, government regulations on trade is very important to have the country's economy in control in order to avoid unexpected financial crisis.This part will talk about different government regulations on varies aspects such as import restrictions, tax controls and labour restrictions.

Import restrictions: All German importers must have a Customs Number on file.The exceptions to these requirements are individuals, military shipments (must be specifically noted on all documents) , Non-EU residents and importers who only receive 3 or less shipments per year.Customs clearance is generally done electronically through the ATLAS System by the broker performing the clearance.The general import entry types are high value clearance.Duties & tax (excise tax occur) ; manifest low value clearance (simplified procedure for import clearance) for goods under 25 euro; single low value clearance (For sample shipments exceeding 25 euro) ; Summary customs procedure (Simplified procedure for frequent importers) ; bonded shipments (shipments transiting un-cleared, in bond to final consignee) ; AE 302 clearance (shipments of official use for U.S.Millitary)

Market control: for regular importers, there’re a list of things that are restricted or need approval licenses for entry into Germany such as used agricultural machinery, animals, birds and other livestock, asbestos, bees and honey, insects, whale products, wood, hops and hops products or any food products containing meat or milk products for personal consumption is prohibited unless specified the use for individuals.

Tax control: there are many types of taxed exist in Germany.The most common two are Income Tax and VAT.Other tax are Corporation Tax, Trade tax, Real Property Tax, Inheritance and gift tax, Payroll Tax, Net worth Tax and so on.Germany has reached tax treaties with about 90 countries to avoid double taxation.These agreements fall under public international law and aim to avoid that one taxpayer is charged similar taxed more than once on the same income for the same period.The basic structure of the double taxation agreements is the “Model Tax Convention” drawn up by the OECD.Because of the financial crisis, a declining depreciation for movable assets has been reintroduced for two years (2009-2010) .Businesses are allowed to carry back losses and to claim refund of paid corporation/income tax.As a result they get liquidity improvement.

Labour restrictions: the country is uneasy with its central position in European integration and is struggling with integrating immigrants, mainly from Muslim and eastern Eurasian countries, and the continued gap between the wealthier former West Germany and the former East Germany.Germany have applied to the European Commission for an extension to lift the restrictions for workers from Central and Eastern Europe in 2009, arguing that it could do serious harm to their labour markets.However, any extensions have expired on 30 April 2011 and no possibility of renewal.

Economic environment:

The German federal government plays a crucial role in the German economy, sometimes directly and sometimes indirectly through the effects of other policies on the economy.There are three principal figures responsible for economic policy are the chancellor, the minister for economics, and the minister of finance.The three positions have rarely been held simultaneously by members of a single party and are usually divided among two or sometimes three parties.Economic policy therefore has to reflect the interests of at least two political parties.

The German economy has its contradictions like other European countries on its domestic and EU policies.The economy is modern but old-fashioned.It is subject to national laws ad rules but is so closely tied into the EU that it is no longer truly independent.It has a central bank that controls European monetary policy and has a deepening impact on the global economy but that also insists on making its decisions mainly on the basis of domestic considerations.

One of the most important sectors for a country's economy development is the global trade.Germany has done a particular good job compared to other Europeans countries.It has maintained a good relationship with BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) by providing advanced technology to their manufactures.In 2010, the exports in Germany were 1.146 trillion dollars, a 12.6 billion dollars surplus.

Socio-cultural environment:

Different culture can affect the way people do business.Germans are famous for their integrity, preciseness and formality.The general business appearance in Germany is very conservative: Businessmen wear dark suits; solid, conservative ties, and white shirts; women also dress conservatively, in dark suits and white blouses.Germans are strongly individualistic; their thought process is extremely thorough, with each aspect of a project being examined in great detail.German citizens do not need or expect to be complimented.In Germany, it is assumed that everything is satisfactory unless the person hears otherwise.Punctuality is necessity in Germany.Arrive on time for every appointment, whether for business or social.Being late, even if for only a few minutes, is very insulting to a German executive.In business situations, shake hands at both the beginning and the end of a meeting.

German is the official language.Approximately ninety-nine percent of the population speaks German.However, there are several different dialects in the various regions.Quite a few Germans learn English from a very young age, but it is better if someone can learn some Germans before entering the country.

Technology:

Technology is slightly mentioned in the economic environment session.Technology is a patent, it is crucial for a company's competiveness in global trade.According to the Technology Review published in 2005, Germany's greatest strength is its automobile industry (Vasek 2005) .In the years to come, many emerging technologies, from optical communication links to nanotech materials, will find their way into cars.Technological innovation will be critical to creating the opportunities that will lead German carmakers and their suppliers out of their current trouble.In particular, German carmakers are betting on computer-based assistance systems that could make driving safer and more comfortable.

Green technologies constitute a market that is growing globally.A wide variety of knowledge-based industries and services are setting standards to protect the environment.For this reason, Germany is presenting itself since May 2008 until October 2009 as a leading location for environmental technology within the context of the “German Initiative for Partnership in Green Technologies”.The aim is to increase co-operation between German and international research establishments and enterprises.Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) funds German research networks which are especially strong in fields such as: prevention/reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution control, waste management technologies, waste and recycling, secondary and renewable raw materials, land reclamation and land use management (Research in Germany 2010) .

In 1987-97 total research and development expenditures in Germany amounted to 2.4% of GDP; 2, 831 scientists and engineers and 1, 472 technicians per million people were engaged in research and development.In 1998, high-tech exports were valued at $63.7 billion and accounted for 14% of manufactured exports.The German national science and technology budget is applied to many areas like chemical, automotive and telecommunications.The current policy emphasis is on applying science and technology to enhance Germany's economic and competitive standing while protecting the nation's health and the environment.

Part Two: Leading Industries

According to the article “German Industries Rebuke Chancellor” from Wall Street Journal, manufacturing is the foundation of Germany's economy.Heavy Engineering industries are also prominent in the country.Germany is a member of the G-7 groups and is one of the richest countries in the world.The most important and prominent industrial region in Germany is Ruhr.Ruhr includes Dortmand, Duisburg, and the Dussel-dorf.It produces most the the nations iron and steel.Much of Germany's steel is used to make automobile, ships and tools.

West Germany has a high reputation in the world for the excellent design and fine workmanship of products such as the BMW, Volkswagen, and Mercedes-Benz cars.

The chemical industry is one of Germany's most important and includes companies like Bayer, BASF, and Hoechst.Machine and vehicle construction is another major industry, which includes aircraft manufacture, shipbuilding, plant machinery, and automobiles.

Electrical engineering, electronics, and office equipment are growing industries.While many industries are successful, traditional heavy industries like steel and shipbuilding are suffering a major decline.Competition from the Japanese and new technology are now reducing the profits from German production.The addition of the former East German population to the market economy has put the whole business in trouble.

Part Three: Leading companies and leaders

This part will focus on the specific companies and their “innovative” leaders who manage the company so well that they become the flagship of the industry in Germany.According to the Special Report byForbes.com, the top ten companies are:

1.Mercedes Benz – Automobile

2.Allianz – Insurance

3.Volkswagen – Automobile

4.Siemens – Electro

5.Deutsche – Telekom

6.Metro – Trade

7.Deutsche Bank – Bank

8.Münchener Rück - Insurance

9.RWE – Energy

10.BMW – Automobile

From the rankings above, we can see that there are three out of the ten top companies are in Automobile sector, one in Electro and one in Energy sector. From the top companies, I would like to choose 3 companies and talk about the business strategy and innovation reformation within the company.

Siemens AG:

Siemens AG is a German engineering conglomerate, the largest of its kind in Europe (Siemens.com 2011) .Siemens has international headquarters located in Berlin, Munich and Erlangen.The company has three main business sectors: Industry, Energy, and Healthcare; with a total of 15 divisions.The productions include manufacturing IT, Industrial goods, Telecommunications, Transportation, Control Systems, Healthcare, Energy, etc.

Innovation has always been one of the most important elements in Siemens’ business strategy.Innovations help to cut costs, increase sales and achieve higher earnings.Nowadays, those who fail to launch the right new product on the market at the right time will be punished more severely than ever before.Siemens came up with five ways of being “innovative”:

1.A Trendsetter in innovation: Siemens thinks that there are three types of innovation: first movers, follower and the “trendsetter”.Trendsetters are companies that succeed in establishing a new technology, de-facto standard or indispensable feature on the market.In order to become trendsetters, they have to be in strong technological position, and they also need to be well-positioned in disruptive technologies that can revolutionize the market in the future.Companies like IBM, Microsoft and Intel are such trendsetters.

2.Exploiting synergies: Siemens has introduced the top+ Innovation program within the top+ Business Excellence program.This program focuses on further increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of R&D activities as well as exploiting synergy potential more consistently.There are various ways for doing this, including benchmarking and best practice sharing, active patent management throughout the entire company, and the joint development of multiple-impact technologies or platform strategies.For example, it is possible to develop software as modules in a manner that enables its use in diverse applications, such as security technology, voice recognition, and image processing.Materials research can also lead to similar cross-functional applications.There include intelligent sensors, new types of displays, piezo-controlled values, turbine coatings, and miniaturized laboratories on a chip.An example of a platform strategy was the development of the syngo operating interface for use in a variety of medical technology systems.

3.Global networks: Siemens likes to rely on a global knowledge network, hundreds of cooperative projects with universities, their own R&D laboratories are all around the world, multicultural innovation teams, and the extensive involvement of various departments, customers and suppliers.

4.Navigation system for the future: Siemens have developed a method – the Pictures of the Future – for obtaining a clear idea of the best way to move into the future.Pictures of the Future combine the road mapping activities of the Groups with a visionary approach in which holistic scenarios of the future are systematically developed.This combination of the two procedures makes it easier to identify technologies with high growth potential and broad scope as well as anticipate future customer expectations and business possibilities.The important thing in this regard is that the Pictures of the Future incorporate the wealth of experience possessed by those who conduct the business of today.Without this advantage, it would not be possible to competently assess possible future developments.

Volkswagen:

Volkswagen is the original and biggest-selling marque of the Volkswagen Group, which now also owns the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, SEAT and Skoda marques and the truck manufacturer Scania.

“Innovation” is the core value of Volkswagen, in order to strengthen its brand value, they starts a country wide campaign titled “Innovations for Everyone”.The movement was initiated in India on August 18 and will run till November.“Innovation” happens to be one of the three main assets that the brand stands for; the other two are “responsibility” and “value”.

Every year Volkswagen came up with new ideas and new models on vehicles.This year, Hannover Messe ’11 is another star on the automobile market.The GradCAD's Sales Director Lauri Poldre talked about the principles of innovation in Volkswagen, engineering trends and car design.He said that they focus on two sides of innovation, “on one side we show here our entire idea of an energy efficient production process, on the other hand we show a compact car which is a new small Builli, which is a concept car, electrically driven which we’ll present to the German public today here” Then he talked about Volkswagen's engineering trends in production.In production it's going in the direction of energy efficiency with a sustainable production process.Energy efficiency needs a lot of small steps and renovations.It starts with the building isolation and ends up the change from air power tools to electronic tools where the power that they need for these tools is produced b solar modules that mounted on the rooftop of the building.

BlueMotion technology is one of another innovations that Volkswagen comes up with.It is the label Volkswagen gives to the most fuel-efficient car model in each class.BlueMotion cars are the real benchmark in their respective segments.They achieve this through an intelligent engine management with the start-stop system, the brake energy recovery system based on energy recuperation, improved aerodynamics as well as low rolling resistance tyres.All these technologies have one aim: to reduce fuel consumption as much as possible.BlueMotion cars are also setting new aesthetic standards.The special design of the interior and exterior as well as the famous logo on the radiator grille and rear differentiate BlueMotion cars from the standard models.

Part Four: Problems and Future of Germany

Germany maintains one of the richest countries after WW2, it got its economy on track by expanding its GDP 3.6% in 2010.By several measures, including keeping unemployment down (it is at its lowest since 1992) and the prosperity reflected in the growth of GDP per head, Germany was the star performer among the rich G7 countries over the past ten years.Yet the German model remains flawed in two important ways.First, it is too dependent on foreign demand, reflected in an excessive current-account surplus of 5% of GDP last year, while consumer spending is weak.Instead, Germany needs to rebalance its growth, with greater efforts to boost demand at home.More spending in Germany would also help struggling economies elsewhere in Europe.The second problem is Germany's poor record in improving productivity.In contrast to Germany's industrial advantage, its bigger services sector remains overprotected and inefficient.More competition and fewer restrictions would help.A rise in domestic spending and progress in productivity would help Germany to continue succeed.It can start with the expand of consumer spending, then focus on productivity enhancing reforms of services.

It is also an opportunity for Germany when recently, in May 1st, Germany finally opened the doors to workers of eight eastern European nations.Since the employment has dropped low now, Germany welcomes people to boost its job markets.Economy Minister Rainer Bruderle told the media that Germany needs more than 66, 000 IT specialists to boost its leading industries.

But Germany needs to pay attention to the endangered countries like Spain, Greece.European Union tied European countries together in economy; it brings more flexibility but dependency with each other as well.Germany will have to learn to work with other countries for mutual maximum profits and prepare for any changes in the regulations of EU.Keeping the balances in terms of the international trade and current account surplus, inflation of the currency are crucial to Germany's future.

参考文献

[1]Vaek, Thomas.“Germany-Technology Review.”Technology Review:The Authority on the Future of Technology.http://www.technologyreview.com/business/14297/

篇4：“断交危机”考验蔡英文

“外交休兵”将终结

“外交休兵”是马英九当局自2008年以来推行“活路外交”政策的核心内容。马当局主张，两岸应在“九二共识”的政治基础上建立互信，两岸关系和平发展不仅体现在海峡两岸，还拓展适用于国际社会，两岸应互不挖对方的“邦交国”，台湾也不再奉行陈水扁执政时期“烽火外交”、“金援外交”，而是通过改善和发展两岸关系为台湾的对外关系和国际空间“找活路”。为保证“外交休兵”政策的有效实施，马当局逐步扩大两岸在“一中”问题上的共同认知，建立并推行以“目的正当、过程合法、执行有效”为原则的援外政策，且表示不反对台湾“邦交国”与大陆发展经贸合作关系。在此背景下，中国大陆继续遵循以一个中国原则处理台湾涉外活动问题，在政策上更兼顾原则性和灵活性。

马英九当局执政近八年来，始终坚持“九二共识”、主张“一国两区”的两岸定位，公开表示不在岛内和国际上推动“台湾独立”、“两个中国”和“一中一台”，因此两岸互信得以持续增强，两岸间保持良性互动。大陆方面为了减少两岸在国际上不必要的内耗和冲撞，也为了维护两岸关系和平发展的积极氛围，在处理台湾国际参与空间问题上展现出大量善意和弹性。在不造成“两个中国”、“一中一台”的前提下，大陆妥善处理了台湾以适当名义和身份参与世界卫生组织大会（WHA）、国际民航组织（ICAO）大会等岛内呼声较大的问题。在台当局“邦交国”问题上，大陆也采取了务实稳妥的政策，使得台湾“邦交”版图得以维持和稳定。此次与大陆复交的冈比亚，早在2013年年底便主动与台当局“断交”。虽然冈比亚早已不是台“邦交国”，但大陆在台湾政权交接前恢复与冈比亚外交关系，仍在岛内造成强烈反响。

“外交战”再起恐是大概率事件

事件发生后，民进党极力将矛头指向马英九和国民党，强烈批判“外交休兵”实为“外交休克”，已经“完全破产”，蓝绿政党开始了新一轮攻防。而台湾社会舆论对该事件也有大量解读，表现在以下三个方面：

第一，认为大陆与冈比亚复交主要不是针对马英九当局，而是向蔡英文“示警”。蔡英文自今年1月16日当选为台湾下一任最高领导人后，通过台湾《自由时报》专访，提出维持两岸关系现状的四大基础：1992年两岸两会会谈的历史事实，以及双方求同存异的共同认知;“中华民国现行宪政体制”;两岸过去20多年来协商和交流互动的成果;台湾的民主原则以及普遍民意。蔡英文虽在两岸议题上展现出一定善意，但在“九二共识”和“两岸一中”这一核心问题上仍持闪躲和模糊的态度，与大陆所定义的两岸现状标准还有相当差距。因此，岛内舆论认为，大陆在蔡英文就职前两个月先发制人，正是向蔡英文和民进党施压，若其执政后不接受“九二共识”的核心内涵，两岸“外交休兵”的政治前提也将不复存在。前民进党“立委”郭正亮认为，大陆是借此提醒蔡英文和民进党，既有的“维持现状”和“宪政体制”论述并不足以过关，如果执政后始终不针对“两岸同属一中”的核心意涵做出必要响应，大陆绝不可能坐视不管。

第二，认为两岸在国际上的竞争将回归权力现实主义，台湾恐会面临严重“断交”危机。在马英九执政期间，大陆的经济总量已跃居世界第二，逾台湾20倍。蔡英文上台后若抛弃两岸共同的政治基础，改为采用以“援助外交”“固邦”，将难以在资源和影响力上与大陆抗衡。台湾现有“邦交国”不排除会采取“冈比亚模式”，即先行与台当局“断交”，再逐步争取与大陆建（复）交，造成台湾的“外交”困境。岛内舆论认为，届时马当局靠“活路外交”政策所维持关系稳定的22个“邦交国”，可能在两岸之间两面渔利，两岸关系一旦紧张动荡将加剧台湾“雪崩式断交”危机。淡江大学教授张五岳认为，若大陆与民进党持续存在分歧，冈比亚事件将不会是个案，5.20蔡英文上台后可能有新的事件发生。

第三，蔡英文如何因应两岸可能重启的“外交战”，将关系其施政能力和民意基础。针对此次复交事件，民进党公布三点声明，强调“两岸间不需要在国际上做针对性的竞争”，称“民进党将在经济、医疗健康、人道救援等方面争取国际社会支持和认同”。岛内舆论则认为，从过去陈水扁和马英九执政的经验看，“烽火外交”不可行，“活路外交”也有局限。蔡英文虽提出“积极和平外交”，将“加强邦交国”、“新南向政策”、“强化国际参与”作为对外政策三大方向，但两岸和国际的限制因素众多，目前看不出蔡英文能提出切实有效措施因应两岸可能发生的“外交战”，民进党处理对外关系的能力将备受考验。

预计民进党重新执政后将会重置对外战略，把发展对外关系放在比两岸关系更优先的位置。蔡英文曾声称，只要民进党执政，大陆自然会向民进党靠拢，但事情恐非如此简单。从大陆领导人在今年两会期间的一系列表态看，大陆认为，只要蔡英文和民进党不承认“九二共识”历史事实，不认同其核心内涵，就是改变两岸关系现状。预计蔡英文执政后，虽不敢冒进推动“法理台独”，但也不会明确承认“一中”，她甚至会默许或暗助以“去中国化”为表征的“柔性台独”活动。在两岸政治互信丧失的情形下，“外交休兵”的默契已然不存在，“外交战”再起恐是大概率事件。

寻求美国“补偿”向大陆施压

nlc202309081954

维系一定数量的“邦交国”是台当局谋求“事实独立地位”的重要工具，但目前在绿营内部，“邦交国无用论”也在滋生。有观点认为，台湾目前既有的22个“邦交国”都是小国和穷国，在国际政治中无足轻重，数量减少不会损伤台湾的国际地位，台湾关键是要维护与美、日、欧等大国的实质关系。确实，台当局在全球61个“非邦交国”设有代表处或办事处，分布各地的驻外机构超过110个，强化与主要大国的实质关系向来是台湾对外关系的主要任务。即使如此，民进党目前仍不敢公开附和“邦交国无用论”，而是将“固邦”“拓邦”、提升与“非建交国”实质关系二轨并进。

蔡英文在竞选时曾在民进党举行的“外交”使节酒会上首次详述其对外政策，她将政策主轴定义为“区域实践与国际参与”，称“台湾在世界上的定位，必须以坚强而活跃的国际关系作为前提”。在提升与“非邦交国”的关系上，美国自然是重中之重。自去年蔡英文访美提出“维持现状”的两岸政策，强调巩固与美国“多面向的关系”，奥巴马政府对蔡英文不会推动“法理台独”的承诺已“较为信任”，与民进党“重新交往”成为美国的政策共识。在今年1月16日的当选感言中，蔡英文声称在两岸关系上“不挑衅、无意外”，紧接着在《自由时报》专访中抛出维持现状的四项基础，这些都让美方认为蔡英文在不断释放善意，并务实地朝大陆靠拢。对此，美国认为大陆方面不能“视而不见”和“一成不变”，应对蔡英文保持政策上的灵活性和创造性。在获得美国信任的前提下，预计蔡英文执政后，将会采取稳定两岸和对美“零意外”的政策，并进一步寻求美国支持台湾扩大国际参与空间。

对于马英九任内在台湾国际空间参与上留下的“存量”，预计蔡英文执政后将力图维系参与“现状”，包括以观察员身份参加世界卫生组织大会，以客人身份列席国际民航组织大会，以“环保署长”（没有正式身份）带队参加《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方大会等。蔡英文将会以医疗卫生、航行安全和环境保护等普世权利为诉求，争取美、日、欧等大国的支持，从国际社会对大陆施加压力。甚至不能排除的是，蔡英文当局会以“卫生实体”、“环境实体”等身份谋求在联合国相关组织的“完整会员”地位。

除既有“存量”外，民进党还会极力拓展国际参与空间的“增量”。为扩大台湾对外经济关系多元化，减少对大陆的结构性依赖，蔡英文将加大推动台湾参与《跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》（TPP）第二轮谈判。不过，在未获得大陆同意前，台湾想加入TPP实属不易。预计蔡英文和民进党一方面将检讨和调整岛内经济法规政策以因应自由化谈判挑战，另一方面也会游说美、日等TPP主导国采取实际行动协助台湾尽早参加谈判的做法。为凸显台湾的“事实独立地位”，蔡英文执政后还会推动扩大台湾参与联合国体系下的政府间国际组织，如国际刑警组织、《联合国气候变化框架公约》等。3月18日美国总统奥巴马签署支持台湾以观察员身份参与国际刑警组织的法案，是其2013年签署法案支持台湾以观察员身份参与国际民航组织大会后，再度以通过具有拘束力法案的方式支持台湾参与政府间国际组织。可以预见的是，蔡英文执政后，美国行政部门将会加大与台湾的沟通合作，拟定协助台当局参加国际刑警组织的策略和方式。

近年来随着中美之间的战略竞争加剧，美国国内不乏有声音主张以强化美台关系牵制中国。在台湾国际参与问题上，美国行政和立法部门基本都持“支持”与“协助”的立场。甚至有美涉台人士声称，大陆若在“外交”上重罚民进党，美国国会将对蔡英文进行“补偿”。预计蔡英文执政后，势必会利用这种“挺台论”寻求美国支持，在国际上推行“柔性台独外交”活动。

（作者为中国社科院台湾研究所台美室副主任、副研究员）

篇5：经济学专业英文简历

yjbys

Sex : female

Date of Birth : Nov 17th 1977 Health : excellent

Home Address : School Address :

room 404 , No. 3 building , P.O. Box 406

San Tang Yuan , Yangjiang City Guangdong Commercial College

Chigang,Guangzhou

51 510320

Tel of Dorm : Tel of the Department Office :

(020) 84097773 (020) 84099088-3206

OBJECTIVE :

To obtain a positon in the fields of Taxation , Finance Accounting , Management , Executive , Administration and Education , etc .

EDUCATION :

1.Sep , 1990 ~ June , 1992

Studied in the Yangchun No.1 Middle School

2.Sep , 1992 ~ June ,

Studied in the Yangjiang No. 1 Middle School

3.Sep,1996~June ,

Dept. Of Taxation , Guangdong Commercial College (GD , China )

Bachelor Degree in Economics , expected in June 1999 .

Major in International taxation

Major Courses : Financial Accounting , Principles of Accounting ,Principles

of Public Finance , Principles of Taxation , Public Budgeting ,

Chinese Taxation System , International Taxation ,

Taxation Administration , Taxation Detection ,

Computer Application in Taxation Accounting ,

Computer Application in Taxation Management ,

SOCIAL ACTIVITY :

During College :

1.Acted as secretary of Study Department of Student Council

2.The reporter of broadcasting station in school

REWARDS :

1. Won the first-class Scholarship in 1996

2. Join the items of 4*100 race and 100 meters race of female in the match of department every year

EXPERIENCE :

1. Jan , Experiencing in the taxation bureau of Yangjiang

2. Aug , 1997 Joined the Summer Holiday activities held by the League Organization in Yangjiang

3. Jan , Studied computer operation in the propagandize bureau in Yangjiang .

4. Aug , 1998 Went to the taxation bureau in Yangjiang to see the network system of the taxation in GD .

5. Jan , 1999 Went to see the life in the country in GD

6. Aug , 1999 Studied audit skill in the Check Substation of Taxation Bureau in Yangjiang .

SPECIAL SKILLS :

1. Language : English ( GET 4 of college English Test )

Fluently in Mandarin , Cantonese , and the local language of Hakka

2. Computer : Band Two of GD Computer Level Test

Experienced in Windows , Office 97 , Foxpro , Foxbase , Excel 7.0

INTEREST & OTHER SKILLS

Music , Dancing , Travel , Reading

Be good at Writing and Running

篇6：经济管理专业英文简历

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