小提琴英文专业术语

关键词： 染发剂 吹风机 发胶 专业术语

小提琴英文专业术语（精选6篇）

篇1：小提琴英文专业术语

专业美发英文术语

产品(product)&工具(instrument)头发:hair

洗发精:shampoo

发胶:gel

染发剂:hair color

正常(一般):normal

卷发:curl

湿的:wet

平梳:comb

吹风机:hair dryer

剪刀:scissors

帽子:cap

模特儿:model

冷烫卷:perm rod

橡皮筋:rubber band

洗发槽:shampoo sink

圆梳:round brush

吹风机:blow dryer

扛薄剪:thinning scissors 大吹风;air dryer

推剪:clipper

雷脑:computer

围巾:cap

假发:wig

手套:gloves

冷烫液: cold wave/ perm 护发霜:hair care/conditioner 定型液:hair spary 发雕:lotion 受损:damage 干燥:dry 润丝:rinse 镜子:mirror 毛巾:towel 发夹:hair pick 削刀:razor 发叉:hair pin 冷烫纸:perm paper 工作车:setting cart 发刷:brush 尖尾梳:tail comb 电棒:curling iron 剪刀:scissors(shears)蒸气机;steamer 电推剪:electric clipper 大发夹:hair clip 假人头:manikin 消毒器:sterilizer

篇2：小提琴英文专业术语

第一部分：

custom made: 需指定制造的产品

first priority: 最高的优先级别

PPR(Premium price request): 高于标准价格采购请求

RFQ(request for quote): 报价请求，询盘

ESI(Early supplier involvement): 供应商早期介入

cost modeling：成本模型

STD price: 标准价格

Stock-out cost: 缺货成本

awarded supplier: 指定供应商

escalate to higher level: 提交上级处理 cut hard order: 手动下订单

customer demand pull-in: 客户需求提前或增加

Distributor：分销商；Manufacturing：厂商； Broker：经纪商。（紧急情况下启用，价格较高。）

EAU(Estimated annual usage): 预估每年需求量

line down: 停产

APQP(advanced product quality planning): 指产品在量产前对如何实现产品以及如何进行质量控制看展的策划活动。

PPAP(production part approval process)：生产件批准程序，是指第一次生产样件时向客户提交一系列文件记录清单，如样品检测报告，FMEA,工艺流程图，控制计划，图纸等等，要提交的资料根据客户要求进行，提交后客户将确认OK后方可进行试生产阶段。EOQ(economic ordering quantity): 经济订购数量,EOQ=(A:单位时间净需求 S:每次订购费用 U:商品单位成本 C:储存成本)

EDI(electronic data interchange): 电子数据交换。

第二部分：

1.R&D(research and design)研发

2.APS(automated purchasing system)自动采购系统

3.CAD(computer automated design)计算机辅助设计

4.ERP(enterprise resource planning)企业资源计划

5.ANX(automotive network exchange)自动网络交换

6.CPO(chief procurement officers)采购总监

7.CPE(collaborative planning and execution)合作计划和执行

8.TCA(total cost of acquisition)总获取成本 或 TCO Ownership

9.CPFR(collaborative,planning,forecasting,replenishment)合作，计划，预测，补充

10.SCM(supply chain management)供应链管理

11.VMI(vendor managed inventory)卖方管理库存

12.VMR(vendor managed replenishment)卖方管理补货

13.SCOR(supply chain operations reference)供应链管理指南

14.LEW(least ex works)最小离岸价

15.MOM(markup over coat model)成本变动

16.3PL(third party logistics)第三方后勤服务 17.MRP(material requirements planning)物料需求计划

18.CIO(computer information officers)信息主管

19.PDCA(plan-do-check action cycle)计划-实施-检查循环

第三部分：

1.分析库存-库存盘点；Inventory analysis-Create physical inventory document

2.做采购申请；Create purchase requisition

3.批准采购申请；Approve purchase requisition

4.做采购订单；Create purchase order

5.创建货源清单，询价-报价-确认供应商；Create source list, enquire-quotation-choose supplier

6.做合同；Create contract 7.收货-验货-发货 Goods receipt-goods inspection-goods issue

8.催**，校验**；Push supplier`s invoice, invoice verify

9.付款；Arrange payment

10.整理资料，存档。

第四部分：

CIF（cost,insurance&freight）成本、保险加运费价

CFR(cost and freight)成本加运费价

T/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇

D/P(document against payment)付款交单

D/A(document against acceptance)承兑交单

C.O(certificate of origin)一般原产地证

EMS（express mail special）特快传递

G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences)普惠制

CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)纸箱

PCE/PCS(piece/pieces)只、个、支等

DL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元

DOZ/DZ(dozen)一打

PKG(package)一包，一捆，一扎，一件等

WT(weight)重量

G.W.(gross weight)毛重

N.W.(net weight)净重

C/D(customs declaration)报关单

EA(each)每个，各

W(with)具有

w/o(without)没有

FAC(facsimile)传真

IMP(import)进口

EXP（export）出口

MAX(maximum)最大的、最大限度的

MIN(minimum)最小的，最低限度

M 或MED(medium)中等，中级的

M/V（merchant vessel）商船

S.S(steamship)船运

MT或M/T(metric ton)公吨

DOC(document)文件、单据

INT（international）国际的

P/L(packing list)装箱单、明细表

INV(invoice)**

PCT(percent)百分比

REF（reference）参考、查价

STL.(style)式样、款式、类型

T或LTX或TX(telex)电传

S/M（shipping marks）装船标记

PR或PRC(price)价格

PUR(purchase)购买、购货

S/C（sales contract）销售确认书

L/C（letter of credit）信用证

B/L（bill of lading）提单

FOB（free on board）离岸价

一、FOB

FREE ON BOARD(…named port of shipment)--装运港船上交货(…指定装运港)是指卖方必须在合同规定的装运期内在指定装运港将货物交至买方指定的船上，并负担货物越过船舷为止的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险。

FOB术语也就是我们通常所说的“离岸价格”。

二、CIF

COST,INSURANCE AND FREIGHT(…named port of destination)--成本加保险费、运费(…指定目的港)是指卖方必须在合同规定的装运期内在装运港将货物交至运往指定目的港的船上，负担货物越过船舷为止的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险，并负责办理货运保险，支付保险费，以及负责租船或订舱，支付从装运港到目的港的运费。

三、CFR

COST AND FREIGHT(…named port of destination)---成本加运费(…指定目的港)是指卖方必须在合同规定的装运期内,在装运港将货物交至运往指定目的港的船上,负担货物越过船舷为止的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险,并负责租船或订舱,支付抵达目的港的正常运费。按照《1990年通则》

四、FCA

FREE CARRIER(…named place)--货交承运人(…指定地)是指卖方必须在合同规定的交货期内在指定地或地点将经出口清关的货物交给买方指定的承运人监管，并负担货物被交由承运人监管为止的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险。买方必须自负费用订立从指定地或地点发运货物的运输合同，并将有关承运人的名称、要求交货的时间和地点，充分地通知卖方;负担货交承运人后的一切费用和风险;负责按合同规定收取货物和支付价款。

FCA术语适用于各种运输方式，特别是集装箱运输和多式运输。

五、CPT

CARRIAGE PAID TO(…named place of destination)--运费付至(…指定目的地)是指卖方支付货物运至指定目的地的运费。在货物被交由承运人保管时，货物灭失或损坏的风险，以及由于在货物交给承运人后发生的事件而引起的额外费用，即从卖方转移至买方。

六、CIP

CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO(…named place of destination)--运费、保险费付至(…指定目的地)是指卖方除了须承担在CPT术语下同样的义务外，还须对货物在运输途中灭失或损坏的买方风险取得货物保险，订立保险合同，并支付保险费。

ABC Classification ABC分类法

Activity-Based Costing 业务量成本法/作业成本法

ACRS(Accelerated cost recovery system)快速成本回收制度

Action Message 行为/措施信息

AIS(Accounting information system)会计信息系统

Allocation 已分配量

Anticipated Delay Report 拖期预报

A/P(Accounts Payable)应付帐款

APICS(American Production &

Inventory Control Society)美国生产及库存控制协会

AQL(Acceptable quality Level)可接受质量水平

A/R(Accounts Receivable)应收帐款

Automatic Rescheduling 自动重排产

Available To Promise(APT)可签约量

Backflush 倒冲法

Backlog 未完成订单/未结订单

Back Scheduling 倒序排产

BE analysis(Break-even analysis)盈亏临界点分析，保本分析

Bill of Material(BOM)物料清单

Business Plan 经营规划

B/V(Book value)帐面价值

Capacity Requirements Planning(CRP)能力需求计划

CBA(Cost-benefit analysis)成本效益分析

CEO 首席执行官

CFO(Chief Financial Officer)财务总裁

Closed Loop MRP 闭环物料需求计划

CPM(Critical path method)关键路线法

CPP accounting(Constant purchasing power accounting)不变购买力会计

Cumulative Lead Time 累计提前期

C&F(cost&freight)成本加运费价

T/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇

D/P(document against payment)付款交单

D/A(document against acceptance)承兑交单

C.O(certificate of origin)一般原产地证

Cycle Counting 周期盘点

Demand 需求

Demand Management 需求管理

Demonstrated Capacity 实际能力

Dependent Demand 非****需求

DFL(Degree of financial leverage)财务杠杆系数

Direct-deduct Inventory Transaction Processing 直接增减库存法

Dispatch List 派工单

DOL(Degree of operating leverage)经营杠杆系数

ELS(Economic lot size)经济批量

EOQ(Economic order quantity)经济订货批量

&nbs;FIFO(Fist-in,Fist-out)先进先出法

Firm Planned Order 确认计划订单

FISH/LIFO(Fist-in,Still-here)后进先出法

Fixed Order Quantity 固定订货批量法

Flow Shop 流水车间

Focus Forecasting 集中预测

Full Pegging 完全跟踪

Generally Accepted Manufacturing Practices 公认生产管理原则

Independent Demand ****需求

Inpu/Output Control 投入/产出控制

Interplant Demand 厂际需求

Inventory Turnover 库存周转次数

Item 物料项目

Item Record 项目记录

Job Shop 加工车间

Just-in-time(JIT)准时制生产

Lead Time 提前期 前置期，指订单从收到具体明细到货到货仓收到落货纸这一段时间，可以用评估工厂的综合实力。Level 层

Load 负荷

Lot for Lot 按需订货法

LP(Linear programming)线性规划

Machine Loading 机器加载

Make-to-order Product(MTO)面向订单生产的产品

Make-to-stock Product(MTS)面向库存生产产品

Manufacturing Resource Planning(MRP II)制造资源计划

Master Production Schedule(MPS)主生产计划

Material Requirements Planning(MRP)物料需求计划

MBO(Management by objective)目标管理

Net Change MRP 净改变式物料需求计划

Net Requirements 净需求

Oliver Wight MRP-II理论的创始人

On-hand Balance 现在库存量

Open Order 未结订单/开放订单

Order Entry 订单输入

Order Promising 订货承诺

Pegging 反查

Picking 领料/提货

Picking List 领料单

Planned Order 计划订单

Post-deduct Inventory Transaction Processing(Backflush)后减库存处理法/倒冲法

Pre-deduct Inventory Transaction Processing 前减库存处理法

Production Planning 生产规划编制

Projected Available Balance 预计可用库存

Gueue 队列

Gueue Time 排队时间

Regeneration MRP 重生成式物料需求计划

Rescheduling Assumption 重排假设

Resource Requirement Planning 资源需求计划

Rough-cut Capacity Planning 粗能力计划

Routing 工艺路线

Safety Stock 安全库存

Safety Time 保险期

Scheduled Receipt 预计入库量

Scrap Factor 残料率/废品系数

Service Parts 维修件

Shop Floor Control 车间作业管理

Shrinkage Factor 损耗系数

Time Bucket 时间段

Tie Fence 时界

VE(value engineering)价值工程

Vendor Scheduling 采购计划法

Work Center 工作中心

Work in Process(WIP)在制品

ZBB(Zero based Budgeting)零基预算

Zero Inventories 零库存

Accounting Clerk--记帐员;

Accounting Supervisor--会计主管;

Administration Manager--行政经理;

Supervisor--监管员;

Bond Analyst--证券分析员;

Fund Manager--财务经理;

Assistant Manager--副经理;

payment支付，付款

to pay付款，支付，偿还

dishonour拒付

deferred payment延期付款

progressive payment分期付款

payment on terms定期付款

payment agreement支付协定

pay order支付凭证

payment order付款通知

payment by banker银行支付

payment by remittance汇拨支付

payment in part部分付款

payment in full全部付讫

clean payment单纯支付

simple payment单纯支付

payment by installment分期付款

payment respite延期付款

payment at maturity到期付款

payment in advance预付(货款)

Cash With Order(C.W.O)随订单付现

Cash On Delivery(C.O.D)交货付现

discount贴现

draft汇票

Promisory Note本票

cheque支票

clean bill光票

documentary bill跟单汇票

Sight Bill即期汇票

Time Bill远期汇票

Usance Bill远期汇票

Commercial Bill商业汇票

Banker“"s Bill银行汇票

Transferable L/C 可转让信用证

Untransferable L/C 不可转让信用证

Revolving L/C 循环信用证

Reciprocal L/C 对开信用证

Back to Back L/C 背对背信用证

Countervailing credit(俗称)子证

Overriding credit 母证

Banker”“s Acceptance L/C 银行承兑信用证

Trade Acceptance L/C 商业承兑信用证

Red Clause L/C 红条款信用证

Anticipatory L/C 预支信用证

Credit payable by a trader 商业付款信用证

Credit payable by a bank 银行付款信用证

usance credit payment at sight 假远期信用证

Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits 跟单信用证统一惯例

I.C.C.Publication No.400 第400号出版物

Credit with T/T Reimbursement Clause 带有电报索汇条款的信用证

method of reimbursement 索汇方法

without recourse 不受追索

Opening Bank”“ Name & Signature 开证行名称及签字

beneficiary 受益人

guarantor 保证人

Exporter”“s Bank 出口方银行

Importer”“s Bank 进口方银行

Seller”“s Bank 卖方银行

Buyer”"s Bank 买方银行

Paying Bank 付款行，汇入行

Remitting Bank 汇出行

Opening Bank 开证行

Issuing Bank 开证行

Advising Bank 通知行

Notifying Bank 通知行

Negotiating Bank 议付行

Drawee Bank 付款行

Confirming Bank 保兑行

Presenting Bank 提示行

Transmitting Bank 转递行

Accepting Bank 承兑行

Additional Words and Phrases

pay bearer 付给某人

bearer 来人

payer 付款人

T/T是 telegraphic transfer 电汇付款

篇3：小提琴英文专业术语

关键词：保险,术语,翻译,译者,工具书

1 Introduction

Insurance plays an important role in protecting against dangers to life and property and promoting savings and investment.Insurance industry in China has been absorbing insurance rules and terms and learning from abroad,especially after the implementation of opening-up and reform in China.China's entry to the World Trade Organization has also facilitated this trend.

With the emerging market of insurance,the demand for insurance references is increasing.Nowadays the printed or online versions of insurance encyclopedia,dictionaries and glossaries are available.This paper explores these resources that are accessible in the library of Chinese University of Hong Kong from the points of terminological record,the usefulness in facilitating the translation and standardization of terms.It points out the appropriateness and deficiencies of these resources and the paper concludes that the standardization of terms is essential for the development of insurance industry.

2 A Brief Review of Insurance Terminologies in Different References

2.1 Terminological record

Terminological record contains all the information relevant to a term.Cabré(1999)pointed that the information of a term can be presented in different models to meet specific needs and objectives.She listed that the standard terminological records usually contain information about"identification of the term,entry term,source of term,grammatical category,subject area(s),definition,source of the definition,context(s),source of the context,cross-references,author of record and data written…source of each equivalent(p.124)."

Apart from the encyclopedia,the resources that I have consulted are small-sized or medium-sized,so the number of terms covered is quite restricted.The presentation of terms varies in different resources.The English insurance terms are presented alphabetically.The Chinese terms are ordered according to the thematic categorization or strokes or the initial sound of the first word.Some insurance dictionaries and encyclopedia contain entries and descriptions of terms.Examples in the same language are also provided in such dictionaries to clarify the description For instance,"the drunken man shoots other people death"is an example for the term"wrongful death".The compliers also mention the equivalence or antonym of the term.For instance,"insurance"means the same thing with"assurance".Insurance dictionary published by Silver Lake Publishing is the only one dictionary that label terms.When a term belongs to the automobile insurance,a cartoon of car is labeled below the term.Such resources are informative and thus can satisfy the decoding need of users.

However,the final goal of the terminology compilation is to achieve appropriate communication.Apart from the reference need,the pragmatic information and encoding need of users can not be ignored.From this point of view,there are some deficiencies with these resources.

The first one is that the terminological information provided in some monolingual and bilingual insurance dictionaries is quite limited.For example,Glossaries of Insurance Terms compiled by the Hong Kong Federation of Insurers merely contains the English terms and their equivalents in Chinese.Most of the resources that I access do not record the grammatical category,contexts and cross reference of the term.Without such information,one may meet obstacles when deal with terms that are polysemous and have different parts of speech.Users may have no clear idea about how the terminological unit functions grammatically and how to use the terms appropriately.One of such terms is"cover".

1)Periods to be covered保险期间

2)Commonly known as an"All Risks Policy",the insurance contract covered accidental loss in buildings and household contents.

家居综合保单,保障投保人的居住单位和家庭意外造成的损失。

3)Mr.Liang then explained the policy covers to me.

梁先生逐向我解释保单所提供的保障。

The above sentences show that"cover"can be used both as a verb like the first two examples and a noun such as the third one.

The second problem with these resources is that the lack of cross reference,which may confuse the readers.Scholars such as Sager and Dungworth&McDonald(1980)held that a special language can be divided into different levels of specialization(as cited in Cabré,1999).A specialized dictionary such as insurance dictionary can be used by experts for professional communication or by the layman for the consultation of general information Thus,the cross-reference is necessary for users to have a better understanding of terms.

The third problem faced by the present printed insurance dictionaries is timely updating.The compilation of printed insurance dictionaries has to take a long time although it has speeded up with the assistance of computer,For example,according to Google book,the latest English-Chinese insurance dictionary was published in 2009 and the latest English one was in 2002.

At present,glossary of insurance terms can be found online The striking feature of such resource is that they are portable free and provide quick search.The interface is user-friendly and users can click the hyperlink to obtain further information such as illustrations on the screen.In addition,the online resources are machine readable,so they can be easily processed by computer and become part of the terminological data banks.However,at present the glossaries or dictionaries of insurance online are issued by government,insurance companies or individuals like translators.The main problem is that the online glossaries are not as complete as those in hard copies.Their quality is not guaranteed.

2.2 Usefulness in facilitating translation

Translation aims at facilitating the precise and unambiguous communication among professionals.Translation relies on the bilingual vocabularies.Bilingual terms in the dictionaries or glossaries can improve the efficiency of translators.

However,it always happens that some terms and their equivalents are not listed in the available dictionaries or glossaries.On this occasion,translators have to find equivalents by themselves.Different translators may come up with different versions.Three reasons may account for this.The first one is that the personal style,competence and insurance knowledge of translators.Secondly,the updating of knowledge has accelerated than ever before.Thirdly,the regional or historical factors effect the translating.Domino theory(of accident causation)is translated into“多米诺事故发生理论”and“骨牌效应”by adopting different translation methods.A typical case for the third reason is that the same insurance term can be rendered differently in mainland,China,Hong Kong and Taiwan.For example,the equivalents of administration bond are行政担保(mainland,China),遗产承办保证(Hong Kong)and遗产管理费用(Taiwan)consequential loss is rendered into后续损失(mainland,China)从属损失(Taiwan)and后果损失(Hong Kong).

2.3 Standardization of terms

Just as mentioned above,the translation of the same term is inconsistent due to several factors.Even for the same concept,it can be expressed by different terms.For instance,"insurance agent"or"underwriting agent"refers to the same thing that is“保险代理人”in Chinese.Similarly,“保险标的”can be rendered into"subject matter"or"subject-matter insured".The equivalents for“担保人”are"surety"or"guarantor".

These inconsistencies may hinder the effective and complete communications.Therefore,it is necessary to standardize these terms.

In the industry of insurance,standardization contributes to achieving effective and complete communication by discarding other variants for the same concept and choosing one alternative over others.Standardization involves fixing a concept with a more precise and appropriate linguistic form."Mortality table"was translated into“生命表”in mainland but now it is translated into“死亡表”which is commonly used in Hong Kong.From this point,some terms have a tendency to be consistent with globalization and increasing communication.Just as Sager mentioned that,standardization plays a crucial role in establishing an agreed system of concepts and their symbolic representation to facilitate communication(1990).

3 Conclusion

This paper discusses the problems that exist in the insurance encyclopedia,dictionaries and other resources from three perspectives.Some deficiencies such as inconsistencies of terms are illustrated.To achieve professional and unambiguous insurance communication worldwide and enhance the competitiveness of domestic insurance industries,it is essential to standardize the insurance terms and achieve successful translation.

参考文献

[1] Budin G,Wright S E.Handbook of Terminology Management [M].Amsterdam; Philadelphia:J.Benjamins Publishing Compa- ny,1997.

[2] Cabré M T.Terminology: Theory, Methods and Applications [M].Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Publishing Com- pany,1999.

[3] Sager J C.A Practical Course in Terminology Processing[M]. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Publishing Company, 1990.

[4] 陈彩稚.保险字典[M].台北:广场文化出版事业有限公司, 1999.

[5] 何靜芝,吴申元,魏原杰.中国保险百科全书[M].北京:中国发 展出版社,1992.

[6] 吳越,徐文虎,乌通元.中国保险词典[M].北京:中国社会科学 出版社,1989.

[7] 香港保险业联会.保险业常用词汇[M].香港:香港保险业联 会,1996.

篇4：小提琴英文专业术语

[关键词] “编辑学”英文术语 讹传

[中图分类号] G230 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1009-5853(2012) 01-0023-04

[Abstract] The paper reviews the coin of the term “Redactology” by the author and its misrepresentation in the process of citation by the circles of redactology in China. It is helpful for reminding people of what right citation is and how the history of redactology in China will be recorded.

[Key words] Redactology Misrepresentation

近日不期收到我国编辑和出版界老前辈邵益文先生的来信[1]，令晚辈喜出望外。邵老希望我谈谈当年在美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》（Cleveland Daily Banner）刊登《中国人研讨编辑学》一文的来龙去脉，以免学界就“编辑学”的英文术语Redactology和所谓的美国报道以讹传讹。

我按令即行。原因有三：一是难辞邵老盛情，深为邵先生的精神所感动；二是确有澄清的必要，以免编辑学界在撰写我国编辑学史时以讹传讹；三是怀着一己之见，如鲠在喉：我于1990年8月26日发表在美国报纸上那篇短文中所用的“编辑学”英文术语“Redactology”并非源于林穗芳先生。大致情形是这样的。

我当时兼职于《河南大学学报》编辑部，主编是王振铎教授，张如法教授是资深编审。张如法教授在他的博客[2]上对我和这件事这样记述道：

周领顺先生现在是扬州大学教授，当时为河南大学公共外语教研室教师。他英语水平极高，被《河大学报》编辑部聘请为外语稿件的兼职编辑与英语目录翻译。他业余喜欢写些英语短文，常给美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》投稿并获刊载。《河大学报》编辑部的一位先生便请周领顺写写学报的编辑学研究情况，给该报投稿，并得刊载，署名为周领顺（汉语拼音）先生。这当然是件好事。

我在《河南大学学报》编辑部工作期间，适逢王振铎教授等撰写的《编辑学通论》一书出版。王老师要我用英语写个书评，碰巧美国的《克利夫兰旗帜日报》向我约稿。我和该报有多年联系，在河南大学读本科时发表了第一篇用英语写的文章Christianity in China is Reviewed（1985年4月11日），后来陆续发表了十几篇，主要写一些中国的民风民俗。该报对我信任有加，聘我做专栏作者，称有稿必发，且配以“编者按”和我的照片，连我孩子1995年出生的纪念文字和大幅照片也刊载了（1995年11月19日），这些短文有几篇还转录于我主编的《英语写作》（中国人事出版社2000年版）一书中。“编者按”不乏溢美之词，如1987年3月31日刊发拙文时赞扬道：Zhou Ling Shun, whose command of a foreign language (English) is remarkably good…。

这家报纸是美国田纳西州克利夫兰市的一份市报，读者面有限。为了方便读者阅读，我故意把我的名字Zhou Ling Shun分开写（按规则应拼为：Zhou Lingshun），竟使他们分不清我的姓氏，报纸上常称呼我为Shun（顺）而不是Zhou（周）先生，比如该报在刊发我这篇编辑学书评（Chinese groups studying ‘redaction’）时配发了王老师和我的照片，照片下方就注的是：Duo（铎）和Shun（顺）。这些英语文章全是闲来习作，主要以练习英语文笔为目的。虽后来不再投稿，但原件和来往信件至今保存着；虽然纸张均已发黄，但一切历历在目，宛然如昨。

该书评的发表，封藏的是一段美好的回忆，从不奢望有什么反响。尽管后来因特网遍布千家万户，而我也时常上网搜索有关我的信息，但从未检索到该文及其可能的反响。迟至2009年5月，我在网上检索我的信息时链接到张如法教授博客上所写的一篇文章，题目是《编辑学存在研究学派之论的虚妄性》。在这篇文章中，与我有关的信息张教授是这样记述的：

上个世纪，曾出现一种说法：美国有关学界也认可中国“编辑学”一词及其英文翻译名，有美国报纸为证。发表此小消息的原河南大学外语部周领顺先生对我说，那是他听说我校学报在研究编辑学后写的，那张报纸并非是美国主流媒体，甚至不是大报，影响很小，是他想发表英文习作，锻炼锻炼能力时找到的，以后常有联系，根本谈不上美国学界已认可。难怪，北京的一位有名的学者在听说美国有关学界也认可中国“编辑学”一词及其英文翻译名时，发出疑问道：中国编辑学会为什么不知道这件事？美国学界为什么不通过北京的研究机构了解中国编辑学研究的情况呢？眼下盛行浮夸吹嘘之风，以提升政绩、名望，此风也该刹刹了！

我顺着该线索往下寻找，不禁愕然，旋即在张教授的博客中简单作了回应。张如法教授在“附记”中写道：

《克利夫兰旗帜日报》只是该市的一家报纸，影响有限。中国人写投并发表此稿件，并不意味着“中国系统的出版理论研究已在20世纪90年代引起了西方的关注”，也不意味着美国传播学界也认同“编辑学”采用周领顺先生提出的redactology英语译名。

该书评被多人引用，沸沸扬扬，且讹误不断，靠臆猜立论者不在少数。转眼20年过去了，应前辈邵先生之约，就此将有关事实向编辑学界作个汇报并讨论有关问题。该书评的英语原文是：

Chinese groups studying ‘redaction’(Book Review)

Editor’s Note: Zhou Ling Shun is an English teacher at Henan University in China, who occasionally submits articles to the newspaper. The following is a book review he wrote about “General Redactology”.

I would like to introduce a newly-developed Chinese science to my Western readers—“redactology”, or the study of editing and publishing.

The study of editing and publishing has been going on all over the world, but in-depth study of redaction as a form of serious learning is very rare. In recent years, Chinese editing circles have started studying redaction, thus, the term“redactology”has been coined.

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Since the beginning of this new science in 1983 to now, some pictorials and over 10 books on redactology have appeared. The latest, most systematic and comprehensive is “General Redactology”, which was published by the Henan University Publishing House in October 1989.

“General Redactology” was written by Wang Zhen Duo, a well-known professor at the famous Henan University and several others.

The book is good, both in theory and in practice. It introduces several new innovative theories of editing, including those which follow the rules of information screening. In practice, it outlines principles and concrete approaches to the editing of news, science, literature and art, broadcast, film, and TV, textbooks, local records and reference books, etc .

Western readers, especially those in editing circles, may be interested in learning more about redactology. If you would like to obtain a copy of “General Redactology”, an English translation can be made available to you. For more information, contact me by writing Zhou Ling Shun, Public English Department, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan P.R.China.

About the author: Wang Zhen Duo, professor of literature and redactology at Henan University, and also Special Research fellow of China’s Publishing Research Institute.

我提出的问题与我的解答有两点。

一是学界对Redactology一语在做法上有两个极端。第一种极端是，在提及《克利夫兰旗帜日报》这篇书评时将Redactology归于林穗芳先生。网上[3]看到有道编辑学考题问的是哪国人首先提出了英文的“编辑学”术语，当然认可的是来自中国的林穗芳先生。比如，作者吴飞在《“天才编辑”的消失与编辑学研究的困境》中就写道：“1990年8月26日美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》有一篇关于中国编辑学研究情况的报道，文中的‘编辑学’也采用了林穗芳先生所创的redactology。”王波在《编辑学刊》2000年第5期发表的《编辑学为什么首先在中国诞生》一文也作如是说。

林先生是编辑学界名家，认可英文的“编辑学”术语源于林先生无可厚非：一是林先生确实经过了深思熟虑，二是提出的时间也早于我。这些是近来检索有关信息时才得知的。但是一定说我发表于《克利夫兰旗帜日报》上所用的Redactology来自林穗芳先生，我却不敢苟同。

王一禾在《出版发行研究》1999年第11期发表的《得益于内容,获教于治学态度：读〈中外编辑出版研究〉》一文还作恍然大悟状：

1990年8月26日，美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》报道说，中国新近发展起一门科学——编辑学，并创造了编辑学的英文术语redactology。最近读了林穗芳先生所著《中外编辑出版研究》（武汉，华中师大出版社1998年版，以下简称《研究》），才知道首创这个英文术语的中国人就是他。

王先生还在《编辑之友》2010年第4期发表的《一笔一画的觉悟：追忆恩师林穗芳先生》一文中明确说：“美国《克利夫兰每日旗帜报》1990年8月28日报道我国编辑学研究进展情况时采用了这一术语，并承认这是一门new science（新科学）。”他虽然把美国的这份报纸名称重新翻译了一遍，可惜把发表日期误写为28日。

第二种极端是说到redactology乃“编辑学”的英文术语时，经常和我那篇文章挂钩。比如有一份资料叫《出版专业基础(中级)编辑概论》，其中这样写道：“把编辑学作为一门独立的学科来研究，是从中国开始的。美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》1990年8月26日发表一篇报道，作者在其中说道：……”。有一份《编辑学概述》的资料也写道：“我国最早提出编辑学。1990年美国报纸进行了这方面的报道。英文redactology。”

我不在编辑学界，编辑学的信息不够敏感，也不够畅达。但作为一个外语学者，在英语redact（编辑）一词后加个-ology（学问、学科）后缀来表示一个学科，是一种本能的、自然的构词联想，这是构词常识。比如，“翻译学”（translatology）就是在translate（翻译）后加上-ology构成的。况且，在此基础上，我在文章中还作了进一步的解释，即：or the study of editing and publishing（或者说是编辑和出版的学问/即对编辑和出版的研究）。从这个角度讲，命名的理据不够充分并不是最关键的，只要有同位语做出解释并做到自圆其说即可。

二是有的甚至将所评介的书名弄错了，比如有人写道：“（美国）《克里夫兰旗帜日报》载文：《中国人研讨编辑学》，在欧美出版物中第一次使用了中国人创造的编辑学术语redactology，评介了《编辑学原理论》一书。”

在引用该书评时，夸大宣传是比较突出的现象。比如吴赟在《“写给‘而立之年’的编辑出版学：对我国编辑出版学科发展的总结与前瞻”》写道：

1990年8月26日，美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》（Cleveland Daily Banner）以题为《中国有组织地从事编辑研究》的文章报道了中国编辑学的研究情况。可见，中国的编辑出版学已在20世纪90年代初受到西方关注。

赵航在《出版科学》2002年第4期发表的《析编辑学中的变量因素 :读〈编辑学理论纲要〉的联想》更是把“大洋彼岸”的上述反应看得特别重要：

这门学问是由中国编辑和学者搞起来的。……就连大洋彼岸也有了反应。1990年8月26日美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》在报道中说：“我想向我的西方读者介绍中国新近发展起来的一门科学——编辑学。在全世界一直对编辑出版进行研究，但把编辑工作作为一门严整的学问加以深入研究则很少见。”

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王波在《编辑学刊》2000年第5期发表的《编辑学为什么首先在中国诞生》一文的一个小节标题还以“国外媒体的承认”为题进行了报道，认为“报道的内容和语气都表明, 国外至少是西方一直到1990 年代是没有编辑学的。”

龚维忠甚至在《编辑学研究综述》（《湖南大学学报》2000年第1期）引述阙道隆等著的《书籍编辑学概论》（辽宁教育出版社1996年版）写道：

1990年,美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》介绍中国的编辑学研究情况时,最先接受了国际用语Redactology的英文表达形式,说明由中国人最早提出的编辑学这门独立学科已经得到国际认可。

以上仅限于网上检索到的部分信息，至于未上网的信息又是怎样传播的，却不得而知。

编辑学界的作者似更应强调引文的规范：当引用二手资料时，要么努力寻求第一手资料去求证，追根溯源，要么明确标以“引自”或类似的文字。像作者杨春兰所写的《在艰难中探索 在探索中前进：关于河南大学编辑出版学专业建设》模糊地叙述为“美国《克里夫兰旗帜日报》载文《中国人研讨编辑学》，在欧美出版物中第一次使用了中国人创造的‘编辑学’术语——redactology，评介了《编辑学通论》一书”，虽然宣传效果甚佳，但读者不免会产生疑虑：作者何许人也？通过什么途径了解了中国的编辑学？也许有读者会产生错觉，误以为该文作者是美国编辑出版传播界的有名人士而发出的赞许之声。

就该书评的整个传播过程看，学界似有先入为主、错误判断语词来源的不当之处。在把“Redactology”和《克里夫兰旗帜日报》对号入座时，这个英文术语一定是作者周领顺构造的，起码文中没有任何词语或叙述证明它来自林穗芳先生。

我的“Redactology”一语是否被美国接受？张如法教授在博客中提及了林先生的疑问。他说，“林穗芳先生精通几国文字，是人民出版社的资深编辑，韬奋奖得主，他最早以疑问的口气提出：说西方学界关注并认同中国首创编辑学一词，为什么没有通过中国编辑学会来传递信息？”当众人把Redactology一语发明权全归功于林先生时，他却没有简单接受，而是对美国报纸上我这篇短文和所谓的美国接受产生了疑虑。

据《关于“编辑学”国际用语定名问题的通信》（《编辑之友》1996年第2期）一文说，林穗芳先生在写给孙同志的信中介绍道，他在《明确基本概念是出版科学研究的重要课题》一文中引用过我这个书评，见于1993年出版的《第六届国际出版学研讨会论文集》（北京高等教育出版社1994年版，第85—86页）。在这封信的末尾，林先生说：“《克里夫兰旗帜日报》大概是通过河南大学的渠道获悉中国编辑学研究情况，所以报道中特别推荐了河南大学专家教授的研究成果。”

不管是哪位学者第一次引用鄙文或者是出于什么样的需要，均无可非议。林先生转引自哪里，已作交待，但他始终没有明白作者是谁、是怎么刊载与传播的，潜意识中也认为是外国媒体主动报道的。遗憾的是，先生生前没能见到我的原文，不然早会阻止讹传之风，因为原文的“编者按”清楚地写着：“周领顺是中国河南大学的英语教师”。

未来中国编辑学史会怎样记录这段历史？比如吴赟在《河南大学学报》2008年第5期发表的《中国编辑出版研究学术史简论》一文中写道：

1990年8月26日，美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》（Cleveland Daily Banner）以题为《中国有组织地从事编辑研究》的文章报道了中国编辑学的研究情况。可见，中国系统的编辑出版学理论研究已在20世纪90年代引起了西方关注。

周国清在《编辑学导论》写道：

1990年出版的姜振寰主编的《交叉科学学科辞典》、1994年出版的《第六届国际出版学研讨会论文集》，其中的“编辑学”均译为redactology。1992年10月通过的中国编辑学会章程第一条把中国编辑学会的名称定为China Redactology Society。1990年8月26日美国《克利夫兰旗帜日报》关于中国编辑学研究情况的报道中的“编辑学”也采用了redactology，可见国外至少西方一直到20世纪90年代都没有编辑学。

诸位作者都是把这个书评作为编辑学史的一部分来讨论的。笔者期望编辑学界在未来讨论《克里夫兰旗帜日报》上这篇书评和中国编辑学史的关系、“编辑学”英文术语“Redactology”一语的诞生和传播等有关信息时，加以甄别并慎重对待之。

注 释

［1］邵益文先生的信：

周领顺先生：

您好！

友人下载了张如法先生和您对《克利夫兰旗帜日报》刊登《中国人研讨编辑学》的博客对话送我，让我这个闲人了解一点情况。据记忆这段文字，国内引用者不止一二人，首引者可能是林穗芳先生或王振铎先生，后来就增加了。这事不大，但正如你们博客上写的那样，我认为有必要加以澄清，免得以讹传讹。为此，我很希望您能写一篇文章，讲一讲来龙去脉，在相关报刊上予以发表，以便像我这样不玩电脑的老朽也可以了解真相，又可避免有人再予炒作，影响学界风气。

顺颂

冬安！

邵益文 敬上

2010.11.2

[2] 张如法.编辑学存在研究学派之论的虚妄性［OL］.http://blog.sina.com.cn/zrf269

[3] 文中的有关检索信息，均来自Baidu网上检索工具，具体网址不再一一注明。

（收稿日期：2011-05-28）

篇5：各种陶瓷英文专业术语

标准名称 陶瓷砖和卫生陶瓷分类及术语 标准类型 中华人民共和国国家标准 标准号 GB/T 9195—1999 标准发布单位 国家标准局发布 标准正文

dolomite：白云土 terracotta:红土

construction/building material :建白材料 type of glaze: matt:哑光 transparent:透明釉 opaque: 不透明釉 pigmented:色釉 crackled:裂纹釉 pearlized :珍珠釉 under glazed:釉下彩 on-glazed:釉上彩 浮雕：relief, emboss bisque firing:素烧 glost firing:釉烧 gild ：镀金 decal：贴花

trinket box：首饰盒

silk screen printing :丝网印 素彩瓷 plain porcelain 高温陶瓷 refractory china 窑：kiln tunnel:隧道窑 印花：stamping 陶瓷原料 Ceramic Material 长石feldspar 瓷泥petunse, petuntse, petuntze 瓷漆enamel paint, enamel 封泥lute 高岭土kaolin, china clay 硅石,二氧化硅silica, SiO2 堇青石cordierite 莫来石,红柱石andalusite 泥果,坯体clay body 泥釉slip 石灰,生石灰,氧化钙lime, calcium oxide, CaO 氧化锡tin oxide 釉glaze 原材料raw material 云母mica 皂石,块滑石steatite 陶瓷类型 Types of Pottery 碧玉细炻器 jasper 薄胎瓷 thin china

彩陶器,釉陶 faience 陈设瓷,摆设瓷 display china 瓷 porcelain, china(China ‘中国’来自’Chin’’秦’,在英文中’中国’和’瓷’同一单词)赤陶 terracotta, terracotta, red earthenware 代尔夫精陶 delft 德化陶瓷 Te-hua porcelain, Dehua pottery 高温陶瓷 refractory china 工业陶瓷 industrial ceramics 工艺瓷,美术瓷,艺术瓷 art porcelain, art and craft china, art pottery, artistic china 骨瓷 bone china 官瓷 mandarin porcelain 光瓷 lusterware 黑色陶器 basalt 裂变瓷 crackled porcelain 裂纹瓷 crazed china 米色陶器 creamware 青瓷 celadon 青花瓷 bule and white porcelain 轻质瓷、轻瓷 light china 日用瓷 household china, table ware 软瓷 soft porcelain 杀菌陶瓷 antiseptic pottery 绳纹陶器 Jomon pottery 施釉陶器 slipware 炻瓷 stoneware 素彩瓷 plain porcelain 陶 earthenware 陶瓷 pottery 无釉陶、陶瓷素烧坯 biscuit, unglazed ware 锡釉陶 majolica 细瓷 fine china 硬瓷 hard porcelain 赭色粘土陶器 terra sigillata 紫砂 purple granulated, purple sand, terra-cotta 工艺技术 Technology 凹雕 intaglio 标记 marking 玻璃化 vitrify 车削 turning

成型 forming 冲压,冲压花 repousse 瓷土加工 clay processing 雕刻 carving 浮雕 relief 隔焰窑 muffle 工艺技术 technology 硅氧键 silicon-oxygen bond 技艺 technique, craft 间断窑 intermittent kiln 浇铸 casting 拉毛 sgraffito 连续窑 continuous kiln 镂雕、镂空 piercing 辘轳车 jigger 泥釉彩饰法 trailing 碾磨 grinding 抛光 burnishing, polishing 破裂 chip 嵌入 inlay 切刻 incising 筛子 sieve 烧制 firing 陶瓷科技 ceramics 陶轮 potter’s wheel 贴花、嵌花 appliqué, decal 凸雕，底切，拉底，底部掏槽 undercut 细裂纹 craze 性能 property 压印 impressing 窑 kiln 印花 stampin 釉上彩 overglazed color figure 釉下彩 underglazed color figure 预加工 pre-processing

粘性，粘滞性 viscosity, stiffness 转模片 jiggered piece 转印 transfer print 装饰 décor, decoration 其它 Others 斑点 speck 半透明 translucence, translucency, translucent 不渗透的 nonporous 不透明的 opaque 茶叶罐 caddy 单色的 monochrome 多色的 polychrome 高白 high white, Gaobai 耐火材料

赛拉棉Cerafiber 赛拉含锆棉 Cerachem Fiber 赛拉毯Cerablanket 赛拉含锆毯Cerachema Blanket 马福特克（莫来石）毯 MAFTEC Blanket 耐火纤维组件 Refractory Fiber Modules 纤维贴面块 Veneering Modules 赛拉板 Ceraboard TM 背衬板607 Blok 607TM 赛拉纸 Cerapaper 赛拉毡 Cerafelt 轻质隔热砖 Insulating Firebircks JM 隔热吊顶砖 Root Blocks BV 耐火胶泥 JM2600 Blakite JM3300 轻质莫来石绝热砖 Light Insulating Bricks 聚轻高铝砖 Poly Light High AluminumFirebrick 高温耐火胶泥High-temperature Refractory Mortar 磷酸铝不烧砖系列 Aluminophosphat Bonded Firebricks 高温窑具 High-temperature Kiln Furniture 堇青石--莫来石窑具 Cordierite-mullite Kiln Furniture 轻质耐火浇注料 Low-weight Refractory Castable 高温轻质耐火浇注料 High-temp Light Weight Refractory Castable 低蠕变高铝砖 Low Creep High Alumina Bricks 热风炉用高铝砖 High Alumina Bricks forHot Blast Stove 通用粘土质耐火砖 Fireclay Bricks 高炉用粘土质耐火砖 Fireclay Bricks for Blast Furnaces 特种耐火泥浆 Special Refractory Mortar 轻质隔热耐火砖 Insulating Bricks

电炉顶砖 High Alumina Bricks for EAF 微膨胀刚玉砖 Dilatable High Alumina Bricks 不烧铝镁砖 Unburnt Al2O3-MgO Bricks 铝镁尖晶石砖 Alumina-Spinel Bricks 刚玉、铬刚玉透气砖 Corundum and Chrome-Corundum Purging Plugs for Ladle Refining 铝－碳化硅－碳砖 Al2O3-SiC-C Bricks 锆铬刚玉砖 Zr-Cr-Corundum Brick 铬刚玉尖晶石砖 Chrome-Corundum-Spinel Brick 铝镁碳砖 Al2O3-MgO-C Bricks 铝碳砖 Al2O3-C Bricks 通用高铝砖 High Alumina Bricks 高炉用高铝砖 High Alumina Bricks for Blast Furnaces 高炉出铁沟浇注料 Refractory Castables for BF Troughs and Runners 钢包浇注料 Refractory Carstables for Ladles 工艺品 artware 鬼工，鬼爷神工 demon’s work, kuei kung 景德镇 Jingdexhen, Ching-te-chen 景泰蓝 cloisonné 绝缘子 insulator 考古学 archaeology 可塑的 plastic 流变学 rheology 琉璃瓦 glazed tile 模型、模特 model 模子 mould 耐热 heat-proof 配方 formula 盆栽 bonsai 漆器 lacquer work 器皿 ware 秦始皇陵兵马俑 life-size terra-cotta soldiers and horses in Chin tomb 青铜器 bronze work 人类学 antropology 渗透的 porous 手印，指印 finger mark 丝网印刷 silk screen printing 四面体 tetrahedral

搪瓷，珐琅 enamel 陶瓷的 ceramic 陶瓷专家，陶瓷艺术家 ceramist 陶工 potter 瓦 tile 碗 bowl 卫生洁具 sanitary ware 温度 temperature 硬度 hardness 釉工 glazier 圆块，雕球，瘤 knob 砖 brick 爱比克泰德 Epicteus（活动于520-500 BC）古希腊陶工兼画家

何朝宗 He Chaozhong（1522-1620）Chinese ceramist in Ming Dynasty,中国明代陶瓷艺术家 韦奇伍德 Wedgwood（1730-1795）英国著名陶瓷工匠和制造商

希腊古瓮颂’Ode on a Crecian Urn’英国诗人济慈 Keats（1795-1821）的名诗，惊叹古希腊陶器彩绘之精美

金花米黄、渗花砖、蓝宝石、大颗粒、纯色砖

golden yellow, glazed-lmitated, sapphire of polishing series, big grain and solid color 内墙砖 wall tile 地砖 floor tile 广场砖 paving tile 完全玻化砖 polished tile 金玉石 polished mosaic 精工钻 fine granule 陶瓷砖和卫生陶瓷分类及术语 范围

本标准规定了建筑卫生陶瓷中陶瓷砖和卫生陶瓷的名称、定义及有关术语的涵义。

本标准适用于陶瓷和卫生陶瓷的设计、生产、质量检验、贸易、科学研究、教学等领域，也可供建筑施工部门参考。2 定义

2.1 陶瓷砖ceramic tile 由粘土或其他无机非金属原料，经成型、烧结等工艺处理，用于装饰与保护建筑物、构筑物墙面及地面的板状或块状陶瓷制品。也可称为陶瓷饰面砖(ceramic facing tile)2.2 卫生陶瓷ceramic sanitary ware 用做卫生设施的有釉陶瓷制品。3 分类 3.1 陶瓷砖

3.1.1瓷质砖porcelain tile吸水率（E）不超过0.5%的陶瓷砖。3.1.2 炻瓷砖vitrified tile吸水率大于0.5%，不超过3%的陶瓷砖。3.1.3细炻砖 fine stoneware tile吸水率大于3%，不超过6%的陶瓷砖。3.1.4炻质砖stoneware tile 吸水率大于6%，不超过10%的陶瓷砖。

3.1.5陶质砖fine earthenware tile吸水率大于10%的陶瓷砖，正面施釉的也可称为釉面砖。3.1.6挤出砖extruded tile将可塑性坯料经过挤压机挤出，再切割成型的陶瓷砖。3.1.7干压陶瓷砖 powder-pressed tile 将坯粉置于模具中高压下压制成型的陶瓷砖。

3.1.8其他成型方式陶瓷砖tiles made by other processes通常生产的干压陶瓷砖和挤压陶瓷砖以外的陶瓷砖。

3.1.9内墙砖interior wall tile用于装饰与保护建筑物内墙的陶瓷砖。3.1.10外墙砖exterior wall tile用于装饰与保护建筑物外墙的陶瓷砖。

3.1.11室内地砖indoor floor tile用于装饰与保护建筑物内部地面的陶瓷砖。3.1.12室外地砖outdoor ground tile 用于装饰与保护室外构筑物地面的陶瓷砖。3.1.13有釉砖glazed tile正面施釉的陶瓷砖 3.1.14无釉砖unglazed tile不施釉的陶瓷砖

3.1.15平面装饰砖瓦 pattern tile正面为平面的陶瓷砖。

3.1.16立体装饰砖 stereoscopic tile正面呈凹凸纹样的陶瓷砖。

3.1.17 陶瓷锦砖ceramic mosaic tile用于装饰与保护建筑物地面及墙面的由多块小砖拼贴成联的陶瓷砖（也称马赛克）。

3.1.18 广场砖plaza stone用于铺砌广场及道路的陶瓷砖。

3.1.19 配件砖trimmers用于铺砌建筑物墙脚、拐角等特殊装修部位的陶瓷砖。3.1.20 抛光砖polished tile经过机械研磨、抛光，表面呈镜面光泽的陶瓷砖。

3.1.21 渗花砖color-penetrated tile将可溶性色料溶液渗入坯体内，烧成后呈现色彩或花纹的陶瓷砖。3.1.22 劈离砖split tile 由挤出法成型为两块背面相连的砖坯，经烧成后敲击分离成的陶瓷砖。3.2 卫生陶瓷 3.2.1 便器wc pan 用于承纳并冲走人体排泄物的有釉陶瓷质卫生器。按排泄口部位，有下排污和排污之分。

3.2.1.1蹲便器squatting wc pan使用时以人体取蹲式为特点的便器。分为无遮挡和有遮挡；其结构有返水弯和无返水弯两种。

3.2.1.2坐便器sitting wc pan 使用时以人体取坐式为特点的便器。按冲洗方式分有冲落式、虹吸式、喷射虹吸式、旋涡虹吸式。

a)冲落式坐便器wash-down wc pan借冲洗水的冲力直接将污物排出的便器。其主要特点是在冲水、排污过程中只形成正压，没有负压。

b)虹吸式坐便器siphon wc pan主要借冲洗水在排水道所形成的虹吸作用将污物排出的便器。冲洗时正压对排污起配合作用。

c)喷射虹吸式坐便器siphon jet wc pan在水封下设有喷射道，借喷射水流而加速排污并在一定程度上降低冲水噪音的坐便器（利用水封隔音）。

3.2.2连体式坐便器integral sitting wc pan与水箱为一体的坐便器。其冲洗管道有虹吸式，也有冲落式。

3.2.3旋涡虹吸式连体坐便器siphon vortex integral sitting wc pan利用冲洗水流形成的旋涡加速污物排出的虹吸式连体坐便器。

3.2.4 壁挂式坐便器 wall-hang sitting wc pan 挂装在墙面上的坐式大便器。冲洗管道有冲落式和虹吸式。

3.2.5 挂箱式坐便器 wall-hang cistern sitting wc pan水箱挂装在墙面上的坐便器。3.2.6 水箱 cistern与便器配套，用以盛装冲洗水的有釉陶瓷质容器。

3.2.6.1高水箱upper cistern与蹲便器配套的无盖水箱，利用高位差产生的水压将污物排走。3.2.6.2低水箱 lower cistern与坐便器配套的带盖水箱。根据安装方式有挂式、坐式。3.2.7 小便器urinal 专共男性小便使用的有釉陶瓷质卫生设备。有壁挂式和落地式。3.2.7.1壁挂式小便器wall-hang urinal 挂装于墙壁上的小便器。3.2.7.2落地式小便器stall urinal直立于地面的小便器。

3.2.8 洗面器wash-basin 供洗脸、洗手用的有釉陶瓷质卫生设备。有悬挂式、立柱式和台式。3.2.8.1壁挂式洗面器hung wash-basin 安装于墙面或托架上的洗面器。3.2.8.2立柱式洗面器pedestal wash-basin下方带有立柱的洗面器。3.2.8.3台式洗面器vanity wash-basin与台板组合在一起的洗面器。3.2.9 浴盆bidet传供洗浴用的有釉陶瓷质卫生设备。

3.2.10净身器 bidet带有喷洗的供水系统和排水系统，洗涤人体排泄器官的有釉陶瓷质卫生设备。按洗涤水喷出方式，分直喷式、斜喷式和前后交叉喷洗方式。

3.2.11洗手盆hand-rinse basin专供洗手用的小型有釉陶瓷质卫生设备。

.2.12洗涤槽sink承纳厨房、实验室等洗涤用水，用以洗涤物件的槽形有釉陶瓷质卫生设备。3.2.13存水湾trap具有水封功能的有釉陶瓷后排污管道。有S型和P型。3.2.14小件卫生陶瓷sanitary assembly articles 供卫生间配套的有釉陶瓷质器件。有衣帽钩、手纸盒、皂盒、口杯托、毛巾架（托）、手巾杆和置放化妆器的化妆台板等。4术语

4.1 产品部位术语

4.1.1 坯体body构成制品的陶瓷质主体

4.1.2釉面 glaze layer 熔融于坯体表面的玻璃质致密层。4.1.3正面front surface砖体铺贴后，可看到的表面。

4.1.4背面 back surface 铺贴时与墙面或地面相连接的表面。4.1.5侧面 side surface与正面和背面相连接的表面。4.1.6正面边front side edge正面与侧面所交接的棱边。4.1.7正面角front side angle相邻两正面边的夹角。

4.1.8间隔凸缘 spacer lug侧面突起的用于控制铺贴相邻砖块间的间隔距离的边条（为施工耐特意制造的）。4.1．9 可见面visual surface 设定卫生设备安装后，观察者容易看见的表面。

4.1．10洗净面washable surface卫生设备使用时，水能溅湿的可见面。4.1．11隐蔽面 concealed surface卫生设备可见面以外的表面。

4.1.12 安装面installed surface卫生设备与墙、地或其他配件接触的部位。4.1.13 遮挡fender蹲便器前部高出的部位。

4.1.14 圈hollow ring 洗面器和便器上部的空心边圈。

4.1.15 排污道sewage draining spillway 便器内污物排出的通道。

4.1.16 隐蔽溢水道 concealed spillway 卫生器内与溢水孔相连的溢水暗道。4.1.17 进水口 water inlet 卫生器冲洗水的进入口 4.1.18 排水口 drainage exit 卫生器的废水排出口。4.1.19 出水口 water exit 水箱向配套器件供水的出口。4.1.20 排污口 sewage draining exit 便器的污物排出口。

4.1.21 承口upward socket存水弯与蹲便器排水口相连的内径扩大的端部。4.1.22 插口 downward socket 存水弯插入配套件承口内的部位。

4.1.23 溢水孔spillway hole 为控制最高水位而设置的与隐蔽溢水道相连的眼孔。4.1.24 泄水孔 spilled water hole 与隐蔽溢水道和排水口相连、泄出溢流水的孔眼。4.1.25 安装孔 installing hole 卫生设备上用于固定本身或安装配件的孔眼。4.1.26 布水眼water distribution hole便器圈下部分配冲洗水的孔眼。4.1.27 挡水板 water fender 在便器进水口正面并改变水流方向的部分。4.1.28喷射孔 jet hole在坐便器水封下，喷射道的出水孔。

4.1.29边缘挡水圈round water fender卫生设备边缘用于挡水溢用的凸圈。4.2 缺陷名称术语

4.2.1 开裂cracking贯穿坯体和釉层的裂缝。4.2.2 坯裂crack on body出现在坯体上的裂纹。4.2.3 釉裂crazing出现在釉层上的微细裂纹。

4.2.4缺釉cut glaze, exposed body应施釉部位局部无釉。4.2.5缩釉crawling釉层聚集卷缩致使坯体局部无釉。4.2.6釉泡glaze bubble釉面出现的开口或闭口泡。4.2.7波纹waviness ripple釉面呈波浪纹样。4.2.8釉缕excess glaze釉面突起的釉条或釉滴。4.2.9桔釉orange peel釉面似桔皮状，光泽较差。

4.2.10 釉粘glaze sticking有釉制品在烧成时相互粘接或与窑具粘连而造成的缺陷。4.2.11 针孔pinprick釉面出现的针刺状的小孔。4.2.12 棕眼pinholes釉面出现的针样小孔眼。4.2.13 斑点speck制品表面的异色污点。

4.2.14 剥边edge peeling产品边缘出现条状或小块状剥落。4.2.15 磕碰chip , knocking产品因碰击致使边部或角部残缺。4.2.16 夹层lamination坯体内部出现层状裂纹或分离。

4.2.17色差 color difference, tint unevenness同件或同套产品正面的色泽出现差异。4.2.18 坯粉body refuse产品正面粘有粉料屑。

4.2.19落脏 ash contamination产品正面粘附的异物。

4.2.20 花斑 speck, color spot产品正面呈现的块状异色斑。

4.2.21 烟熏smoke staining, smoked glaze因烟气影响使产品正面呈现灰、褐色或使釉面部分乃至全部失光。

4.2.22 坯泡blistering of body坯体表面突起的开口或闭口泡。4.2.23 麻面 dimple产品正面呈现的凹陷小坑。

4.2.24 熔洞 pit, fusion hole易熔物熔融使产品正面形成的孔洞。4.2.25漏抛 omission from polishing产品的应抛光部位局部无光。

4.2.26抛痕 polished trace, polished mark 产品的抛光面出现磨具擦划的痕迹。4.2.27中心弯曲center curvature产品正面的中心部位上凸或下凹。4.2.28边缘弯曲edge curvature产品正面的中心部位上凸或下凹。4.2.29侧面弯曲side curvature产品的则面外凸或内凹。

4.2.30翘曲warping , warpage产品的一个角偏离由另三个角所组成的平面。4.2.31楔形wedging, taper产品正面平行边的长度不一致。

4.2.32角度偏差angle deviation产品的角度不符合设计规定的要求。4.3 功能名称术语

4.3.1 冲洗功能washing function用规定水量将便器内污物排出并将便器冲洗干净以及污水更换的能力。4.3.2 水封功能water seal resistance便器内储存一定量水，封闭上下通道的隔臭能力。4.3.3 抗菌功能antibacterial陶瓷表面所具有的阻止细菌在表面生长的能力。4.4 其他术语

4.4.1 名义尺寸（又名公称尺寸）nominal size用于统称产品规格的尺寸。

4.4.2 工作尺寸（又名加工尺寸）work size, manufacturing size按制结果确定的尺寸。4.4.3 实际尺寸（又名产品尺寸）actual size用计量器具测量得到的尺寸。

4.4.4 配合尺寸coordinating size产品与产品间相互连接的尺寸，即工作尺寸与相邻产品间隔连接宽度之和。

4.4.5 模数尺寸modular sizes模数尺寸包括了尺寸为M、2M、3M和5M以及它们的倍数或分数为基数的砖，不包括表面积小于9000mm2的砖。注：见ISO 1006中M=100mm 4.4.6 非模数尺寸non-modular sizes不是以模数M为基数的尺寸。注：1见ISO 1006中M=100mm。2这些尺寸砖通常应用在大多数国家 4.4.7 背纹back side pattern 产品背面凸起或凹陷的图纹。

篇6：国际展会常见英文专业术语

（一）Affixed merchandise——Exhibitor’s products fastened to display——参展商携带的，与参展有关的辅助用品

Air freight——Materials shipped via airplane——空运货物

AT-site——More commonly called On-site, Location of event or exhibit ——展会现场

Attnedance——Number of people at show or exhibit——参展人数

Attendee——One who attends an exposition.May also be referred to as delegate or visitor, but should not be used for “exhibitor”——参观展会的人（不包括参展商）

Attendee brochure——Direct mail piece sent to current and prospective attendees that promotes the benefits of attending a specific show——分发给展会观众的宣传资料

国际展会常见英文专业术语

（二）Booking——An arrangement with a company for use of facilities, goods or services——预订

Booth——One or more standard units of exhibit space.In U.S.A a standard unit is generally known to be a 10’ x 10’ space——展位（在美国一个标准展位是10x10平方英尺）

Booth area——The amount of floor space occupied by an exhibitor——展位面积

Booth number——Number designated by show management for each exhibitor’s space——展位号

Booth personnel——Staff assigned to represent exhibitor in assigned space——展台工作人员

国际展会常见英文专业术语

（三）Co-Locate——To hold two related shows at the same time and in the same place——在同一地点同时举办两个相关的展会，即“套展”

Consumer show——An exposition that is open to the public.Typically, an admission fee is charged.Also knows as a “public” show——面向公众开放的展会，一般需要买票进入，即“公共展会”

Contractor——An individual or organization providing services to an exposition and/or its exhibitors.Typically refers to either a general service contractor or specialty contractor——为展览会组织者、参展商提供服务的服务供应商

Convention——A broad term that can refer to a large meeting, an exhibition, or a combination of the two——泛指大型会议、展览

Convention center——A facility where exposition are hold.Commonly referred to as FACILITY or HALL.May be purpose-built or converted;municipally or privately owned——会展中心 国际展会常见英文专业术语

（四）Carnet——A customs document permitting the holder to carry or send merchandise temporarily into certain foreign countries(for display, demonstration, or similar purposes)without paying duties or posting bonds——允许展品临时出口的海关批准文件

Carrier——Transportation line moving freight(van line, common carrier, rail car, air plane)——指飞机、车、船等运输工具

Cartage——*fee changed for transport in freight between destinations/*short distance hauling of exhibit properties*-货物运输费/*-展品从港口到展馆的短距离运输

Consignee——Shipping freight to a central depot where several loads bound for the same destination are put together before being shipped to that destination——收货人

Customs——The government authorities designated to collect duties levied by a country on imports and exports.The term also applies to the procedures involved in such collection——海关

国际展会常见英文专业术语

（五）Certificate of inspection——A document certifying that merchandise(such as perishable goods)was in good condition immediately prior to its shipment——发运前对易变质物品等货物进行全面检查并证明其完好无损的证明文件

Certificate of origin——A document, required by certain countries for tariff purposes, certifying as to the country of origin of specified goods——原产地证明

Clean bill of lading——A receipt for goods issued by a carrier with an indication that the goods were received in apparent good order and condition, without damages or other irregularities——清洁提单，指运输公司签署，表明货物在收到时外表状况良好，没有货物损坏或包装不良情况的提单。

Cwt——(Hundred weight)This is the unit of measure used in drayage——英担（1/20吨，英制为112磅，美制为100磅）

国际展会常见英文专业术语

（六）Declared value——Shipper’s stated value of entire shipment in terms of dollars——申报价格

Deferred air-freight——Long haul airfreight that waits for available cargo space(usually 1 to 2 days)at a reduced rate——递延空运，指货物等舱位，并在一天到两天内发运，费用有所折扣

Dock——A place where freight is loaded onto, and taken from, vessels or vehicles——码头

Dock receipt——A receipt issued by an ocean carrier to acknowledge receipt of a shipment at the carrier’s dock or warehouse facilities——码头收货单据，一种由海洋运输公司出具的，证明货物已在码头仓库的收据

Dolly——Any of several kinds of low, lat, wheeled frames fro transporting heavy objects——推车

国际展会常见英文专业术语

（七）Demographics——Characteristics that help create a profile of exhibitors and attendees.May include company location, job function, purchase intentions——参展商和观众的统计数据

Demonstrators——Persons hired to work in a booth demonstration or explaining products——（展位上雇用的）演示和讲解员

Display rules & regulations——A set of specifications for exhibit construction endorsed by all mayor exhibit industry associations.Also refers to the individual additional rules which may be adopted by show management——展会规则

Distributor show——A show produced by a distributor at which exhibitors are the manufactures of products sold by the distributor and attendees are the distributor’s customers——分销展，它由某一个批发商举办，参展商都为该批发商的供应商，而参观展会的人一般为批发商的客户。

Double-decker——Two-storied exhibit.Also called multiple story exhibit——双展位

国际展会常见英文专业术语

（八）Drawback——A refund of duties paid on imported goods which is provided at the time of their re-exportation——退税

Drayage——Delivery of exhibit materials from the dock to an assigned exhibit space, removing empty crates, returning crates at the end of show for recrating, and delivering materials back to dock for carrier loading——货运，专指把展品从码头运到展位以及展会结束后，再把储藏的空箱运到展台，并把回运展品再运到码头的运输业务

Drayage contractor——Company responsible for handing of materials——货运服务商

Drayage form——Form for exhibitor requesting handing of materials——货运申请表

Duty——A tax imposed on imports by the customs authority of a country——关税

国际展会常见英文专业术语

（九）Exhibitor-appointed contractor——Any company other than the designated “official” contractor providing a service to an exhibitor——展览服务独家经营商

Exhibit——Although the terms “exhibit” and “booth” are often used interchangeably, an “exhibit” is actually all of the display materials and product house in booth——展位或展品。很多场合下，“exhibit” 和 “booth”可互换，意为“展位”，但“exhibit”主要是指展出的物品

Exhibit directory——Program book for attendees listing exhibitors and booth locations——观众指南（主要包括参展商名录及其展位信息）

Exhibit manager——Person in charge of an individual exhibit(as opposed to the show manager, who is charge of the entire exposition)——展品经理，主要负责展品（区别于负责展会全部事物的展览经理）

Exhibition——An event in which products or services are exhibited——展览会

国际展会常见英文专业术语

（十）Exhibitor——Person or firm who displays in exposition——参展商

Exhibitor lounge——An area either on or adjacent to the exhibit floor where exhibitors may relax or meet with customers.Show management sometimes provides special services in this area, such as translators for a show that has international attendees——参展商活动室

Exhibitor manual——Manual containing general show information, labor/ service order forms, rules and regulations and other information pertinent to an exhibitor’s participation in an exposition——参展商手册

Exhibitor newsletter——A newsletter sent by show management to exhibitors prior to a show.It includes updates on deadlines, show rules and regulations, events, and marketing opportunities offered by show management, plus educational articles to improve exhibitors’ effectiveness——参展商通讯录

Exhibitor prospectus——Direct mail piece sent to current and prospective exhibitors that promotes benefits of exhibiting of exhibitors that renew.——展览会组织者发送给现有参展商及潜在参展商的展览会介绍材料

国际展会常见英文专业术语

（十一）EST.WT——Estimated Weight——估计重量

Easel——A stand or frame for displaying objects.——展示架

Expedited service——Service offered by transportation company to assure prompt delivery.——速递服务

FI——Free in, A pricing term indication that the charterer of a vessel is responsible for the cost of loading goods onto the vessel.——展品、货物装船费用由租船人负担的一种价格术语

FIO——Free in and out.A pricing term indicating that the charterer of a vessel is responsible for the cost of unloading goods from the vessel.——展品、货物装船和卸船费用由租船人负担的价格术语

FO——Free out.A pricing term indication that the charterer of a vessel is responsible for the cost of loading goods from vessel.——货物卸船费用由租船人负担的价格术语

国际展会常见英文专业术语

（十二）Exhibitor retention——Persuading current exhibitors to participate in subsequent events.Exhibitor retention rate is the percentage of exhibitors that renew——挽留参展商继续再参加下一届展览会

Exposition——A display of products and/or services——博览会

Exposition manager——Person responsible for all aspects of planning, promoting and producing an exposition, Also knows as show manager and show orgnizer——展览经理，负责一个展览会从立项、促销道现场举办和各个方面的工作

Facility——A facility where exposition are hold.Commonly referred to as FACILITY or HALL.May be purpose-built or converted;municipally or privately owned——展览馆或展览设施

Facility manager——The manager of a convention center or hall——展馆或展厅经理

国际展会常见英文专业术语

（十三）Foul bill of lading——A receipt for goods issued by a carrier with an indication that the goods were damaged when received.——不洁提单，标明货物在收到货物时已有损坏

Forklift——Vehicle used to transport heavy exhibit materials short distance, and for loading and unloading materials.——铲车，主要用于重量大展品装卸和短距离移动 Freight——Exhibit properties, products, and other materials shipped for an exhibit.——运输货物，对展览会来说，包括发运的道具、展品等

Freight forwarders——A shipping company that typically handles international freight shipments——运输代理公司

Flame proofed——Term uesd to describe material which has been treated with a fire retardant.——经过防火处理的

国际展会常见英文专业术语

（十四）Gross weight——The full weight of a shipment, including goods and packaging——货物运输总总量，包括货物及其包装材料的重量

GT——Gross ton——运输货物重量的总吨数

Inland bill of lading——A bill of lading(B/L)used in transporting goods overland to the exporter’s international carrier——内陆货运提单

LCL——Less than carload——低于一辆货车的最低载重量

L&D——Loss and damage——货物等的损失

LTL——Less than truckload——当运输的货物低于一辆货车最低载重量时的收费标准，一般是指运输公司对一辆货车规定的最低收费标转

国际展会常见英文专业术语

（十五）Marine insurance——Broadly, insurance covering loss or damage of goods at sea.Marine insurance will typically compensate the owner of merchandise for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, piracy, and various other causes, but excludes losses which can be legally recovered from the carrier.——海损险

Measurement ton——The measurement ton(also known as the cargo ton or freight ton)is a space measurement, usually 40 cubic feet or one cubic meter.The cargo is assessed a certain rate for every 40 cubic feet of space it occupies.——体积吨、尺码吨，指船只的载货体积单位，如“40尺集装箱”

Ocean bill of lading——A bill of lading indicating carrier for transportation to a specified international market.——海运提单

Packing list——A list showing the number and kinds of items being shipped, as well as other information needed for transportation purposes.——货物运输清单

Padded van——Describes vehicle used for uncrated shipments.——散装货运车

国际展会常见英文专业术语（十六）

Package——A term refer to a single-fee booth package offered by show management.Package might include, for instance, booth space, one electrical outlet, one table, two chairs and one hour of labor.——展位一揽子收费标准。包括摊位费、展馆电费及展馆道具费等在内。

Peninsula booth——An exhibit at the end of an aisle, with aisles on three sides——半岛展位，展位背对通道顶端，其他三面都是过道。

Permanent exhibit——A product display held on a long-term basis, etc.museum exhibit, office exhibit, etc.——长期性展览

Portable exhibit——Crate display units which do not require forklifts to move them.——重量轻、易于搬动的展品

Pro forma invoice——An invoice provided by a supplier prior to the shipment of merchandise, informing the buyer of the kinds and quantities of goods to be sent, their value, and important specifications.——形式发票

国际展会常见英文专业术语（十七）

Press kit——Materials, usually contained in a folder, in which news releases, announcements and other materials intended for the media are distributed.——袋装展览会新闻资料

Press release——An article intended for use by the media about a company, product, service, individual, or show.——新闻发布会，在展览会新闻中心发放的有关产品、服务或展览会的宣传资料

Press room——A room where members of the media may obtain exhibition press kits, conduct interviews, or relax.Larger press rooms contain typewriters, computers, phones, and fax machines foe use by the press in filing their stories.——展览会新闻中心

Producer——An individual or company which designs and/or builds exhibits.May also provide other services.An individual or company which manages expositions.——展位设计搭建商。展览会组织管理者

Public show——Consumer show, an exposition that is open to the public.Typically, an admission fee is charged.Also known as a “consumer” show.——指面向普通公众开放的展览会，观众通常需要买票进入。

国际展会常见英文专业术语（十八）

Ship’s manifest——An instrument in writing, signed by the captain of a ship that lists the individual shipments constituting the ship’s cargo——载货单

Shipment——Freight tendered to a carrier by one consignor at one place at one time for delivery to one consignee at one place on one bill of lading——货物运输

Shipper’s export declaration——A from require for all shipment by the U.S.Treasury Department and prepared by a shipper, indicating the value, weight, destination, and other basic information about an export shipment——发货人出口申报单，需注明所发展品的价值、重量、目的地以及有关展品的其他基本信息

Skid——Wooden platform used to support machinery or a collection of objects for easier handing.Also thick wood blocks attached to crates which allow forklift access for easier handing——置于笨重物品下，便于叉车搬运的垫或大型机械的木基座

SS——Shipside——是Shipside的简称，码头船舶停靠处

国际展会常见英文专业术语（十九）

Service desk——On-site location for ordering or reconfirming services provided by general service contractor and specialty contractors.——设在展会现场、供参展商订购各种服务的服务供应处

Show break——Time specified for the close of the exhibition and beginning of dismantling.——展会结束和开始撤展的时间

Show daily——A newspaper published each day during the run of a show.It includes articles about the exhibits and events.——展会每日新闻快报

Show directory——A soft cover book containing a listing, with booth numbers, of all the exhibitors in a show, a map showing booth locations, and often advertising.——展览会会刊，包括参展商名单、摊位号、展馆位置及图示，还常登录广告

Show producer——Person responsible for all aspects of planning, promoting and producing an exposition.Also known as show manager.——展览经理，负责一个展览会的计划立项、促销以及现场举办等各方面的工作

国际展会常见英文专业术语（二十）

Show office——On-site show management office——设在展会现场的展览会管理办公室 Show-within-a-show——A show with its own name and own focus that takes place within a larger, related event——套展，指一个有自己独立名称和主题的展览会，在另一个相关的大型展览会内举办，成为其一部分。

Space rate——Cost per square foot or per square meter for exhibit space——摊位租金（以每平方米或平方英尺计算）

Sponsorship——Payment of the cost of a service or activity at an event, in exchange for being publicized at the event——展会赞助，指对展会的某项活动或服务项目提供经费，以换取在展会上对赞助商的宣传

Stand——European term for booth——展位，欧洲国家普遍使用Stand,英美多使用booth.Subcontractor——Company retained by general contractor to provide service to exhibitors or show management——（展览服务）分包商

国际展会常见英文专业术语（二十一）

Tare weight——The weight of a container and/or packing materials without the weight of goods it contains——皮重，指空集装箱本身重量或包装材料本身重量

Through bill of lading——A single bill of lading covering both the domestic and international carriage of an export shipment, a U/C air waybill, for instance, is essentially through bill of lading used for air shipment——直达货运提单，指一个提单涵盖出口货物运输的国内和国际两段运输

Tramp steamer——A ship not operating on regular routes or schedules.Calls at any point where cargo is available——无固定航线或航行时间表的运输船只