篇1:英语写作常用替换词
Write about the following topic:
Governments should make more effort to promote alternative sources of energy.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Model Answer:
It has been known for some time now that a move towards sources of energy which are not carbon-based is urgently required to stop the effects of global warming. In my view, there are too few governments who seem to be promoting the use of other types of energy such as wind, wave, solar and nuclear sources of energy.
Governments at present are too reliant on coil, oil and gas. Although some governments are doing research into the use of alternative energy sources, many are not. Energy from the wind, the sea and the sun does not pollute the environment and is an everlasting source of power. Nuclear power is clean, and although it is not totally unproblematic, it would provide a large amount of energy and dramatically improve the environment. Countries such as France have made good use of nuclear power.
My feeling is that more use could be made of wind power. In some countries, there has been a reluctance to use wind turbines, even in areas which are not densely populated, as some people believe they are eyesores. Personally, I believe they are not only useful, but beautiful as well. Governments should spend more time and effort promoting the benefits of this source of energy and trying to make the public understand the reason for change.
In conclusion, I believe that, if governments forced everyone to have a wind turbine and solar panels on the building they live in, made more use of wave power and built more nuclear power stations, then they would manage to avert the dangers that are seriously threatening the Earth.
篇2:英语写作常用替换词
1.more and more:越来越多
= is / are(increasing, getting increasingly, growing)
2.think:认为
=(acknowledge, hold the, consider)that
3.in my opinion:以我看来
= as for me, from my part, from my own perspective
4.popular:流行的= is / are(prevailing, prevalent)
5.but:但是
= however, although, on the contrary, nevertheless
6.because: 因为
= for, result from, due to, caused by, on account of
7.improve:提高
= enhance, promote, boost, soar
8.finish:完成= complete, fulfill, accomplish, achieve
9.fast:快地
=quickly, rapidly, in a fast speed
篇3:英语写作常用替换词
中学英语教学改革中的一个显著特征就是越来越注重培养学生听、说、读、写的综合语言能力。人民教育出版社最新颁布的《普通高中英语课程标准 (实验) 》[1]和北京师范大学出版社出版的《全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准 (实验稿) 》[2]在对各种技能的教学建议中都倡导任务型的教学途径, 在设计任务型教学活动时又强调活动明确的目的性以及活动内容和方式的真实性。
那么, 高中英语写作教学贯彻新课标的情况和效果又如何呢?为此, 笔者相继在北京市海淀区和东城区的两所学校进行了调研。两所学校分别选用的是人教版和北师大版的高中英语教材。两所学校高中英语教师的访谈显示, 写作部分的教学时间分配只占到一个单元7到8课时中的1或0.5个课时, 其中, 一所学校教师主要让学生课下完成写作任务, 课上利用半节课的时间进行简单的讲评。另外, 对两所学校高中三个年级学生习作中的错误分析结果显示:学生的作文中85%的错误为语法、句式错误。受访的教师和学生普遍表示, 教材中对于文章结构和内容的搭建有明确的指导, 因此, 学生在写作时不愁“言之无物”;虽然学生可以在听力和阅读任务中轻松识别课文中出现过的单词、理解课文中出现过的句式和语法形式, 但是无法将所学语言知识运用于习作中的遣词造句上, 语言表达的准确性不高。为解决这个问题, 笔者认为在高中, 特别是高一阶段, 任务型的写作教学活动应该缓行, 代之以基于课文语言现象设计的多种多样、循序渐进的替换练习, 为实施真实情境、略显复杂的写作任务作铺垫。这种想法与英国教学法专家Anita Pincas所倡导的二语写作教学理念不谋而合。下面, 笔者将首先介绍Anita Pincas所倡导的“替换法”的理论基础和表现形式, 而后再结合北师大版的高中英语教材设计可行的替换练习。
二、理论基础:行为论
1920年以来, 受日益流行的巴甫洛夫的条件反射理论和行为主义理论的影响, 行为主义学家和语言学家开始重视语言环境的作用。他们认为, 在第二语言习得过程中, 语言输入是学习者得到的外部刺激以及相应的反馈。刺激是指语言学习者通过模仿而吸收的特定语言形式。能否提供适合学习者的刺激决定第二语言习得的成败。行为主义者主张通过大量的、循序渐进的输入, 使学习者充分认识、吸收正确的语言形式 (养成一定的行为定式) , 并进行语言输出。[3]
三、替换练习
结构主义语言学的发现证明, 在教授语法和发音时, 系统而严格的限制性教法是必要的。Pincas, A.认为, 为了减少母语干扰, 这种方法同样适用于二语写作教学。对于初学者来说, 自由度过大的写作活动设计不利于使学习者掌握正确的语言表达形式。相反, 活动越自由, 错误衍生的机率就越大。[4]Pincas以行为论为理论基础, 总结了语法和发音教学的经验, 提出了限制性写作教学的必要性, 并提出了切实可行的方法:替换练习法。
替换练习首先向学习者提供范例, 即语言输入, 然后根据学习者的语言水平调整替换的内容和形式, 进而强化学习者对正确语言形式的认识, 使学习者充分吸收第二语言的表达方法, 最终输出正确的语言形式。
针对本文开头部分提出的高中生英语习作中出现的主要问题, 笔者认为, 为了夯实语言基础有必要在实施任务型写作练习之前, 辅之以大量的语言练习。为了使替换练习更有针对性, 建议语言输入尽量选取课本中的例句, 以强化语言点, 易于学生接受和掌握。下面, 笔者就以北师大版的高中教材《英语2》[5]中的一篇文章为例, 说明如何设计和实施替换练习。
四、替换练习的设计
北师大版英语2 Unit 6 Design的语法重点是介词的使用和定语从句。本单元Lesson 4 The House on Mango Street描述了爸爸、妈妈梦想的房子和他们实际居住的房子之间的差异。课文中表示方位的介词频繁出现;主要涉及that引导的定语从句。Lesson 4设计的写作活动要求学生描写他们理想的房子或梦中小屋。课本设计的写作辅助活动主要包括文章内容和结构的构建以及部分词汇, 并为学生提供了一篇范文。对高一学生完成这个任务的调查结果显示, 学生普遍认为范文过难, 涵盖了过多课文中未出现的生词和表达方式 (如detached house, ecological, solar panels, insulation, fit in with the local environment) ;他们在阅读范文后对写作任务的结构安排和各部分的内容没有疑义, 但对于如何用恰当的语言完成写作任务显得信心不足。为此, 教师可以考虑适当降低写作任务的难度, 并让学生在写全文之前, 先进行一定量的替换练习。这些替换练习都是结合本章、本课的语言点设计的, 具体设计如下。
(一) 降低写作任务的难度
写作任务由“描述你的梦中小屋”, 改为“描述你的家”或者“描述你的小屋”。这个写作任务和课文“芒果街的小屋”的内容更为接近, 有助于学生将从阅读中吸收的知识进行加工和输出。
(二) 进行替换练习
在写作前, 教师可先按照课后的要求帮助学生进行内容和结构的搭建, 再辅之以相关词汇和句式紧密结合的大量替换练习。这样有意识的、突出语法点的操练可以帮助学生强化和加深对新的语言现象的认识、理解和运用。结合前面提到的本单元语言点和范文中反复出现的语言现象, 教师可以考虑设计如下替换练习。
1. 介词练习
仿照原句, 把每一行的词语按照顺序组成一句话, 注意介词的用法。
1) My house is quite large in the middle of a wood.
(1) Apartment;small;on the third floor;of a tall building
(2) Apartment;big;on Garden Street
(3) House;white;with trees and flowers;around it
(4) House;beautiful;on Mango Street;with tall trees;on both sides of it
2) On back is a small garage for the car and a small yard between the two buildings on either side.
(1) Close to the door;a wardrobe;for clothes of the whole family
(2) In front of you;bookcase;for textbooks;magazines and novels
(3) Next to it;desk;for homework and toys
(4) Under the window;chair;for a box of tissues and my radio
介词练习以文章中的句子为例句, 强调了表示方位的多个介词的使用。第二组练习还强化了句式中介词放在句首的一种表达方法, 有意识地使学生跳出在谈到“某地有某物”时只会使用There be句式的束缚。在进行这个练习时, 在第一阶段, 教师可以让学生仿照两个例句进行简单的替换练习, 即学生只需在所给词的基础上添加必要的冠词和谓语动词等成分;在第二个阶段, 教师可以为学生提供一些自由发挥的空间, 使他们通过添加修饰成分等丰富句子的内容。例如, 在替换练习Under the window is a chair for a box of tissues and my radio.这个句子的基础上, 教师可以引导学生进一步将句子改写为:Under thewindow is a chair for a box of pink tissues and my old friend:a small radio.
2. 定语从句练习
仿照原句, 把每一行的词语按照顺序组成一句话, 注意定语从句关联词的使用。
1) The most important room in the house is the sitting room where there are lots of bookshelves and some very large, comfortable sofas.
(1) Smallest;study;where;computer and bookcase
(2) Favorite;bedroom;in which;cozy little bed and a big desk
(3) Most beautiful thing;carpet;whose color;match the wallpaper
(4) The only new furniture;tea table in the sitting room;on which;two or three cups
2) This was the house Papa talked about.
(1) The place;my sister;eager to visit
(2) The teacher;he;like to talk with
(3) The question;I;not answer
(4) The key;she;look for
这两个替换练习体现了课文中定语从句关联词的两个基本用法, 即根据关联词在定语从句中所替代的成分决定关联词的取舍。教师可以在学生能熟练替换句子中个别词的基础上加大练习的难度, 如通过增加修饰语或者再添加其他的句子成分以增加句式的多样性。
教师可以在设计写作活动时能够突出语言点, 并且在布置具体写作任务时有意识地让学生在替换练习中练习反复出现的语法现象, 促使学生牢固掌握已学的语言知识, 提高语言输出的准确性。
五、结语
写作是一种创造性的思维活动。然而, 对二语学习者而言, 写作, 从某种程度上说, 等同于语法和语音, 也是一种语言的训练活动。创造性的思维要借助准确的语言来表达。而替换练习作为一种限制性 (指语言表达形式) 写作活动并不妨碍思维的自由发展, 它为二语学习者提供了一种增强语言准确性的训练形式, 并为学生的自由表达提供更大的空间。
摘要:在高中阶段, 英语写作是难点。许多高中生受语言水平的限制难以完成任务型的创造性写作活动。本研究介绍的替换练习是一种以强化重点语言现象、并最终帮助学生输出正确语言形式为目的的方法。英语教师可以此方法为铺垫, 加强对学生语言准确性的训练, 从而循序渐进地提高高中生的英语写作水平。
关键词:英语写作,替换练习,语言准确性
参考文献
[1]中华人民共和国教育部.普通高中英语课程标准 (实验) [S].北京:人民教育出版社, 2003.
[2]中华人民共和国教育部.全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准 (实验稿) [S].北京:北京师范大学出版社, 2001.
[3]Ellis, R. (1985) .Understanding second language acquisi-tion[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[4]Pincas, A. (2001) .Structural linguistics and system-atic composition teaching to students of English as a foreign language[A].In Silva, T.&Matsuda, P.K. (Ed.) , Landmark essays on ESL writing[C].Mahwah, New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.1-9.
篇4:英语写作常用替换词
如果我们纵向观察这个表格就会发现,这篇文章的作者在名词和代词的替换方面为我们作出了榜样。根据上面的表格,我们可以对英文中名词和代词之间的替换作如下总结:①当可数名词第一次出现时,可数名词前一般使用不定冠词,即a(n) +名词,或可数名词以表泛指的复数形式出现;②当这个名词第二次出现时,可以用代词替代它,比如he/she/it/they;③当这个名词第三次出现时,该名词前可以使用the/this/that/these/those。当然,在个别情况下,第二步和第三步可以互换。
经过以上名词和代词之间的替换,我们就能连续写出三句话,而且句子和句子之间不用连词。如果将以上原则巧妙应用于我们的考研英语写作中,那结果将会如何?答案是文章段落框架简单明了,意思表达清晰自然。那么如何在考研英语写作中运用以上原则呢?下面笔者来为各位考生具体讲解。
描述段写作中的“名词和代词替换”技巧
考研英语写作的图画题内容比较复杂,但如果考生掌握了“名词和代词替换”的技巧,文章的段落框架就会变得十分清晰,写作思路和句与句之间的连接也会简明得多。下面以2000年考研英语写作题目“商业捕鱼”为例来具体分析。根据题目要求和上文的总结,我们可以写出如下描述段。
有了“名词和代词替换”这一招,句子和句子之间用“不定冠词+名词”或“表泛指的名词复数”、代词、“定冠词+名词”或“表特指的复数名词词组”进行交替指代,就能给每个句子自然地提供一个主语,剩下的句子部分考生根据图画内容依次补充完整就行。这样一来,考生就能轻松写出完整的描述段了:The pictures describe various kinds of fishes. They were flourishing in a vast ocean in 1900. These fishes were decreasing rapidly in 1995, while fishing boat numbers were increasing at an accelerating speed. Obviously, these fishing boats can be regarded as a symbol of rampant commercial fishing by human beings in the past decades.
写到这里,我们几乎要向《珀西·巴顿斯》的作者脱帽致敬了,他这段文字可谓是我们仿写的典范。不过,我们还可以对“名词和代词替换”原则小做调整,再学一个“变招”,就是将第二句话的they变成which/who,形成非限定性定语从句:“The pictures describe various kinds of fishes, which were flourishing in a vast ocean in 1900.…”这样一来,考生的作文就锦上添花了。
阐述段写作中的“名词和代词替换”技巧
“名词和代词替换”这一技巧不仅可以用于写作描述段,还可以用于写作较为难写的阐述段,简化阐述段的框架。下面还是以2000年考研英语写作题目“商业捕鱼”为例来具体分析。在写作时,根据上文总结的技巧,我们可以这样写出阐述段,无需大量背诵范文。
掌握技巧,积累相关表达
通过“名词和代词替换”这一技巧,在一定程度上来说,我们等于把考研英语写作的模板简化了。那么简化模板之后,考生应该做什么呢?很简单,改变以前的全篇背诵的模式,多积攒有用的相关表达,在简化的模板中填补内容。
积累描述性词汇
考生在备考考研英语写作的过程中经常会觉得描述段难写,这主要是因为在考生看来,图画类写作题目中给出的图千变万化,似乎无法总结出写作描述段的方法和规律。实际上,如果我们仔细观察考研英语写作中给出的图片,就会发现以下规律:①图片中出现多人的题目较少,出现两人和单人的题目较多,比如2004年的“终点起点”(一人在操场上跑步)、2007年的“信心”(两人进行足球比赛)、2008年的“合作”(两人合作奔跑)、2012年的“乐观”(两人凝视地上的瓶子);②图画中出现的是物体或动物,比如2000年的“商业捕鱼”(图画中为鱼和船)、2003年的“独立和溺爱”(图画中为花朵和温室)、2010年的“文化交流”(图画中为一个火锅和很多食品)。
由以上规律,我们可以总结出对图画进行描述的三种情况,即以人物为中心、以动物为中心、以物体为中心。在这三种情况中,以人物为中心的情况居多。所以,考生应在平时多积攒与人物相关的词汇,以便在考试时派上用场,比如和方位相关的介词词组、和人物动作与神态相关的动词、和人物心理情绪相关的形容词、和象征相关的词汇。
描述数量:various kinds of、a large number of。
描述方位:on the surface of …、in the middle of …、face to face、side by side。
描述动作:躺—crouch (不要总写lie);走—move steadily forward along a road (不要总写walk);跑—dash toward、rush toward (不要总写run);扔—litter (不要总写throw);来—draw near、approach (不要总写come);走—set off、depart (不要总写go)。
描述神态:笑—keep a sweet smile on the face (不要总写smile);哭—sob (不要总写cry)。
描述情绪:愤怒的—furious (不要总写angry);悲哀的—sorrowful (不要总写sad);快乐的—cheerful (不要总写happy);吃惊的—shocked (不要总写surprised);悲观的—gloomy、dejected、despondent、downcast、morose (不要总写disappointed)。
描述象征意义:stand for、symbolize、can be regarded as a symbol of。
如果考生在平时按照上述范畴进行词汇储备,在写作中巧妙利用“名词和代词替换”的技巧,并用储备词汇补充文章其他部分,那么写作思路就能清晰明确了。比如我们用上述方法来写2008年考研英语写作题目“合作”时,就可以这样写:“The picture above describes two young men, who are moving steadily forward along a road. The youngsters are rushing towards the end of a path. But neither of them is gloomy, dejected or downcast. Rather, both of them are increasingly optimistic and full of self-confidence.”即使遇到2010年的“文化交流”这样较难的题目,考生不会写文章中一些较难的名词,比如禅、活字印刷、结构主义,仍然可以用和象征相关的词汇写出描述段:“The picture above describes various kinds of foods, which are boiling in a large pot. Some of these foods represent western culture, while the others can be regarded as a symbol of charming eastern tradition.”当考生有意识地调整描述角度、积攒描述词汇,并熟练运用“名词和代词替换”这一技巧,描述段的写作就不再成为难题了。
积累与各种题材相关的表达
篇5:考研英语作文常用表达同义替换词
1. 动词(词组):absorb->assimilate 吸收
agree partly->agree with reserve 有保留地赞同
arouse->ignite/stimulate/spur/motivate 引起;鼓励
change->alter 改变
consider->take into account 考虑
devote to->dedicate to 把……奉献于;专注于
emphasize->accentuate 强调
expect->anticipate 期望;预期
explain->interpret/illustrate 解释;说明
get into chaos->with chaos ensuing 陷入混乱
hand in->render 提出
join->participate 参加;参与
lead to->contribute to/ conduce to/result in 导致;产生……的结果
limit->stress/hinder/hamper 限制;阻止;阻碍
operate->manipulate 操作;操纵
provide->lend->offer 提供;给予
publicize->propagandize 宣传;公布
繁荣(的)(词性不同,注意使用正确形式)
sway->vacillate 影响;摇摆,使摇摆
think->contemplate/muse/meditate/retrospect 思考;考虑;想起
thrive->palmy(a.)/flourishing(v./a.)/prosperity(n.)
undermine->sap/enervate/debilitate 破坏;使衰弱,衰竭
use->employ/utilize 使用;利用
want->intend to/tend to/be inclined to 希望;倾向于
want to->desire 想要
2. 形容词/副词:
first->primarily 首先(ad.)
hardly->merely->barely 几乎不(ad.)
inevitable-indispensable 必然的;不可缺少的.
in fact->actually/virtually 事实上;实际上(ad.)
key->crucial/vital/consequential 关键的;重要的
large->miraculous/marvelous 大的;不可思议的(表程度)
maybe->probably 也许;大概(ad.)
more and more->increasing/growing 越来越多的
obvious->conspicuous 明显的;显著的
old->ancient 老的;古老的
proper->apposite 适当的;合适的
persuasive->thorough/sound/specific/convincing 有说服力的
true->accurate 正确的;准确的
vague->gratuitous/unwarranted/oversimplified 模糊的
well-known->outstanding 著名的
3. 名词(词组):
bias->prejudice/discriminate 偏见;歧视
big city->metropolis 大都市
chance->alternative 机会;选择
character->trait/individuality/idiosyncrasy/personality 品质;特性;个性
child->juvenile 孩子;青少年
clash->conflict/collision/rencounter 冲突
custom->convention/tradition 传统;习俗
delegate->representative 代表
detail->specific 细节
lawmaking->legislation 立法
offspring->descendant 后代;子孙
value->merit 价值
4. 其他:
although->albeit/notwithstanding 尽管(conj.)
because->in that->since->seeing 因为(conj.)
but->nonetheless/nevertheless 然而;但是(conj.)
through->in term of/via 通过(prep.)
篇6:英语写作常用替换词
2014年的英语四级考试就要来了,下面给同学们提供了英语四级写作中常用词的替换词,让你的作文不在平庸。大家抓紧时间记忆吧。
1)大多数人 most people→ the majority of the population
2)经常 often→frequently
3)我相信 I believe→ from my standpoint, from my perspective
4)必须 must→ it is a must for us to…
5)知道 know→ be aware of
6)因为 because→in that
7)最后 at last→eventually
8)然而 but→however
9)如果 if→provided that
10)各行各业的人 all kinds of people→people from all walks of life
11)引起,导致 lead to→contribute to
12)人 people→individuals
13)好的 good→desirable, benefitial
14)坏的 bad→undesirable
15)很多many→ numerous
16)越来越more and more→ a increasing/mounting number of
17)很very→extremely
18)方面side→aspects
19)表明 show→demonstrate, indicate
20)利用 use→utilize
21)因此/结果so→therefore
22)部分 part→proportion
23)提高 improve→enhance
24)改变 change→transform
25)强调/重视 emphasize→ attach great importance to
26)培养 develop→cultivate
27)破坏 destroy→undermine
28)解决 deal with →tackle /figure out
29)普遍的 everywhere→universal
30)明显的obvious→apparent
31)在当今社会in the modern society→in the current society
篇7:常用替换词总结
1.Important: essential, significant(=be of great significance), vital, crucial, profound, indispensable, critical, fundamental, primary, elementary,decisive 2.Big: gigantic, massive, enormous, immense, tremendous, titanic, giant, vast, huge 3.Many: numerous, innumerable, infinite, countless, a great number of, an ocean of, a host of 4.Many kinds of: various kinds of, all sorts of, diverse kinds of, a variety of, a wide range of 5.Good: marvelous, fabulous, gorgeous, spectacular, outstanding, distinguished, remarkable, incredible, unbelievable, magnificent, fantastic, terrific, excellent, great, wonderful, amazing, awesome, positive, favorable(有利的), rosy(美好的),promising(有希望的), pleasurable(令人愉快的),wholesome(健康的,有益的)6.Bad: awful, terrible, dreadful, defective, faulty, imperfect, inadequate, poor, substandard, unsatisfactory, harmful, damaging, deleterious, detrimental, hurtful, ruinous, unhealthy, evil, immoral 7.Clever: brilliant, knowledgeable, intellectual, intelligent, excellent, bright, smart 8.Happy: delightful, glad, overjoyed, pleased, joyful, 9.Beautiful: charming, attractive, gorgeous, pretty, sweet, adorable, eye-catching, handsome, hot, cute, good-looking, lovable,10.Fast:swift, quick, rapid, speedy, hasty 11.Easy: simple, effortless, uncomplicated, undemanding, a piece of cake(informal), 12.Clear: obvious, apparent, comprehensible, conspicuous, distinct, evident 13.Difficult: hard, tricky, complicated, complex, intricate, perplexing, puzzling 14.Dangerous: breakneck, hazardous, insecure, risky, unsafe, vulnerable 二.问题
1.表示“问题的产生”:create(cause, lead to, result in, be responsible for, give rise to)a problem 2.表示“…成为一个问题(威胁)”:pose a problem(threat)to sb., present sb.with a problem(threat)3.表示“严重的问题”:a serious(severe, grave)problem 4.表示“处理问题”:deal(address, tackle, combat)the problem 5.表示“解决问题”:solve(resolve, overcome)the problem 6.表示“使问题减轻”:ease(reduce, alleviate)the problem
7.表示“使问题变得更加严重”:make the problem worse, aggravate the problem, complicate the problem 三.数量(图表作文必用)
1.增加:increase/ raise/ rise/ go up/ accelerate 2.减少:decrease/ grow down/ drop/decelerate 3.波动:fluctuate/rebound/undulate/wave 4.稳定:remain stable/stabilize/level off 5.表示数据变化的单词或者词组: rapid/rapidly 迅速的,飞快的,险峻的 dramatic/dramatically 戏剧性的,生动的 significant/significantly 有意义的,重大的,重要的
sharp/sharply 锐利的,明显的,急剧的 steep/steeply 急剧升降的
steady/steadily 稳固的,坚定不移的 gradual/gradually 渐进的,逐渐的 slow/slowly 缓慢的,不活跃的 slight/slightly 轻微的 stable/stably 稳定的 6.数字:number, figure, statistics 7.比例:proportion 8.百分比:percentage 四.引导结构
1.科学研究表明:According to a research,…/ A scientific research indicates…
2.数据表明:According to statistics,…, Statistics show(indicate, suggest)that…
3.引导事实:It is a well-known fact that…, It is widely believed that…, It is a widely-held belief that…, It is true that…, There is no denying the fact that…
4.比如,例如:like, such as, for example, for instance, take sth.for example, …is a perfect example, …is an illustrating example.五.议论文常用表达
1.表达个人观点(think): assume, argue, emphasize.insist, that, believe, deem, reckon, maintain, suppose, conceive, consider, perceive,insist, to my knowledge, when it comes to me, for my part, as for me, in my point of view, in the eyes of me, the way I see it,hold the(opinion/ belief/ position/stand point/idea)personally, from my personal perspective, as far as I am concerned, from my point of view, from my angle 2.重视:give weight to, give stress to, attach importance to 3.强调:place weight on, put emphasis on 4.赞同:approve of, vote for, stand by 5.反对:disapprove of, object to, be opposed to 6.努力:make every effort to do, many effort should be made to do, spare no effort to do 7.决心:be determined to do, make up one’s mind to do, be convinced to do 8.结论:sb.may come to a conclusion that…, sb.may arrive at a conclusion that…, sb.may reach a conclusion that…
9.坚持:adhere to, insist on, persist in 10.打算:mean to do, intend to do, attempt to do 11.认识到:be aware of, be conscious of, realize
六.常用连词篇:(介词,副词)
Firstly: previously, beforehand, foremost, initially, originally, formerly, principally, mainly, essentially, basically, generally, commonly, universally, on the whole, fundamentally, to begin with, to start with Then: subsequently, afterward, thereafter, after that, secondarily, what is more, furthermore Lastly: ultimately, eventually, in conclusion, to conclude, as a final point, last of all, last but not least, finally Too: as well(句末), in addition, besides, moreover, additionally, to boot, excessively, also And: plus, as well as, along with, in addition, bonus, with Or: otherwise, if not, before, or else So(adv.): therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, as a result, for that reason, hence, that’s why
Because: as, due to, since, as to, in that, for the reason that, for, now that But: however, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, 让步although, even thought, though, even if, while, as, despite the fact that Only: just, merely, barely, solely, rarely Without: excluding Very: extremely, exceedingly, absolutely, completely Actually: as a matter of fact, indeed, in fact, in point of fact, in reality, in truth, literally, truly
七.常用动词篇
篇8:英语写作常用替换词
“替换”是一种非常必要的实践方式,也是英语学习者在进行写作时必不可少的一种方法。替换的句子成分可以是词,也可以是短语或句型。比如在有关议论性的作文中时常出现“very”一词,但如果考生整篇文章多处使用同一个词,就会使文章显得用词贫乏、单调。如果运用替换策略来替换它,比如用exceedingly/extremely代替very,效果就会截然不同,这种多变的表达会提升考生的作文档次。要想在考研写作中拿到高分,用高级词汇和句式替换普通用词和句式是非常必要的。替换常采用具体策略有以下几种。
1. 高级词汇与短语的替换策略
用较高级词汇或短语替换普通用词包括提升词汇的广度和深度。所谓词汇的广度是指词汇量越大越好,特别是在写作中需要表达同样或者相似意思的时候,如果能做到多变而不重复,就会给阅卷人留下深刻的印象。比如表达“引起”这个意思,只用一个cause还是用give rise to, lead to, result in, bring about, trigger等交替使用,其效果的差异是显而易见的。词汇深度是指“use less common lexical items”,比如用embark on替换set about/go in for/take up,用frown on sth.替换be against/disagree with sth.;用hideous替换ugly;用facet/demension/sphere替换aspect;typically替换usually;用approximately替换about,等等。本文以2010年考研英语真题中的大作文内容为例,对“替换”策略的运用作进一步说明。
1.1 名词的替换
2010年考研英语大作文的主题为“文化融合”,可用cultural integration/cultural blending替换combination of different cultures;图中的“火锅”一词可使用hot pot/chaffy dish/chafing dish等交替使用;“仁”可用kindheartedness/benevolence交替使用;而在表达“多元文化”这一概念时可用multi-culture/mosaic culture/pluralistic culture进行同义替换,使用这些不同的表达方式避免了语言的重复,使词汇表达更加丰富多彩。
1.2 动词的替换
动词短语的准确使用是吸引阅卷者的手段之一。例如本作文中可用“harbor the idea that/take the attitude that/hold the view that/it is widely shared that/it is universally acknowledged that...”替换“think;Many people from different countries have been deeply (替换attracted) by Chinese culture;The picture (代替shows) that combination of different cultures is an (代替unchangeable) trend”等。
1.3 形容词的替换
例如在2010年考研大作文中:可以把 cultures用 alien cultures/ cultures等高级词汇进行替换;在“Cultural integration has become irreversible trend.”中, 用indispensable/essential替代necessary等。
2. 高级句式替换策略
为了提升句子的多样性和丰富性,在考试中要关注对高级句型的合理应用,给人耳目一新的感觉,这样才可能拿到较高分数。例如,文中同一语意可用以下多种句式表达:
再比如, 在最后一段阐述个人观点时, 可将“In my opinion”替换为“As far as I am concerned/From my own perspective/In my point of view/Personally/For my part”等。
近两年的考研英语大纲与以往相比有一个显著变化,即增加了对词汇的考查难度,2010年考研作文就响应了考纲的要求,图画中出现的众多文化术语难倒了很多考生。词的灵活运用能够充分体现学生对英语词汇和句型的理解和运用能力,有助于考生在众多的学生中脱颖而出,从而让阅卷老师眼前一亮,印象加分。对英语词汇和句型的灵活运用是体现学生英语表达水平的一个重要标志。由此可见,“替换”策略将有利于考生对高级词汇或高级句型的应用,有利于考生在考试中避开重复用词,增加句式变化,从而写出较高水平的作文。
参考文献
[1]蔡基刚.词语的选择与效果[N].外语教学与研究出版社, 2005.
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