分析英语句子成分

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分析英语句子成分（精选6篇）

篇1：分析英语句子成分

英语句子成分分析

一、状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。

（以下例句按上述顺序排列）I will go there tomorrow.The meeting will be held in the meetingroom.The meat went bad because of the hot weather.He studies hard to learn English well.He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.I like some of you very much.If you study hard, you will pathe exam.He goes to school by bike.Though he is young, he can do it well.二、谓语（predicate）：说明主语的动作、状态和特征。

We study English.He is asleep.三、表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。

He is a teacher.（名词）

Seventy-four!You don’t look it.（代词）

Five and five is ten.（数词）

He is asleep.（形容词）

His father is in.（副词）

The picture is on the wall.（介词短语）

My watch is gone / missing / lost.（形容词化的分词）

To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring.”（不定式）

The question is whether they will come.（表语从句）

常见的系动词有： be, sound（听起来），look（看起来），feel（摸起来），smell（闻起来），taste（尝、吃起来），remain（保持，仍是），feel（感觉）…

It sounds a good idea.The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet.Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious.The food tastes good.The door remains open.Now I feel tired.三、宾语：

1）动作的承受者——动宾

I like China.（名词）

He hates you.（代词）

How many do you need? We need two.（数词）

We should help the old and the poor.I enjoy working with you.（动名词）

I hope to see you again.（不定式）

Did you write down what he said?（宾语从句）

2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介宾

Are you afraid of the snake?

Under the snow, there are many rocks.3）双宾语——间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）

He gave me a book yesterday.Give the poor man some money.四、宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。

We elected him monitor.（名词）

We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here.（名）

We will make them happy.（形容词）

We found nobody in.（副词）

please make yourself at home.（介词短语）

Don’t let him do that.（省to不定式）

His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（带to不定式）

Don’t keep the lights burning.（现在分词）

I’ll have my bike repaired.（过去分词）

五、主补：对主语的补充。

He was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.

六、定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。

Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）

He is our friend.（代词）

We belong to the third world.（数词）

He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）

The man over there is my old friend.（副词）

The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.（介词）

The boys playing football are in Cla2.（现在分词）

The trees planted last year are growing well now.（过去分词）

I have an idea to do it well.（不定式）

You should do everything that I do.（定语从句）

七、主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。

The sun rises in the east.（名词）

He likes dancing.（代词）

Twenty years is a short time in history.（数词）

Seeing is believing.（动名词）

To see is to believe.（不定式）

What he needs is a book.（主语从句）

It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）

篇2：分析英语句子成分

1英语句子成分·主语

句子一般要有主语。在简单句中，主语一般由名词、代词、动名词或动词不定式(短语)来充当。动名词、动词不定式作主语时通常用 it 作形式主语。

■名词作主语

English is very important.英语是很重要的。

■代词作主语

They go to school by bus.他们乘公共汽车上学。

■动名词作主语

Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.看电视太多对你的眼睛是有害的。

It’s no use regretting it.后悔是无用的。

■动词不定式(短语)作主语

To see is to believe.眼见为实。

It is very hard to get to sleep.入睡很难。

2.英语句子成分·谓语

谓语必须由动词充当，但动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语动词不能作谓语。可作谓语的动词一般为行为动词(表动作)和连系动词(表状态)，行为动词根据其后是否可直接接宾语，又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。

■及物动词作谓语

We should help each other.我们应该互相帮助。

They respect one another.他们互相尊重(对方)。

■不及物动词作谓语

He left here yesterday.他昨天离开这儿。

You’re driving too fast.你开车开得太快了。

■连系动词表状态

He is an excellent teacher.他是位优秀的教师。

Her son is a friend of ours.她的儿子是我们的朋友。

3.英语句子成分·表语

表语与连系动词连用，构成系表结构，说明主语的身份或特征，一般由形容词、名词、动名词、动词不定式、分词等充当。如：

They are brother and sister.他们是兄妹。

What I want to say is this.我想说的就是这点。

Her father is sixty-five.她父亲65岁。

John is captain of the team.约翰是足球队的队长。

4.英语句子成分·宾语

宾语是行为动作的对象，充当宾语的可以是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或整个句子。如：

I like Chinese food.我喜欢中国菜。

I bought a ticket for Milan.我买了一张去米兰的车票。

I enjoyed talking to you.我和你谈话很高兴。

Have you finished dressing? 你衣服穿好了吗?

We expected that you would stay for a few days.我们预计你会待几天的。

5.英语句子成分·定语

定语为句子的次要成分，起修饰限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词(短语)或句子充当。

His father is a doctor.他父亲是一名医生。

Mr.Green has two sons.格林先生有两个儿子。

The girl under the tree is Kate.在树底下的那个女孩是凯特。

The man downstairs couldn’t sleep well.楼下的那个人不能睡好觉。

I bought a new dictionary.我买了本新字典。

Can you find out the answer to the question？你能找到这个问题的答案吗？

A barking dog seldom bites.吠狗很少咬人。

A man going to die is always kind-hearted.人之将死，其言也善。

The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted.送往委员会的建议被采纳了。

Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr.Green? 你认识站在格林先生旁边的那个人吗？

6.英语句子成分·状语

英语中的状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，主要由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词充当，或由连词引导状语从句，表示时间、地点、程度、目的、方式，比较、让步、条件、原因、结果、伴随等。

(1)时间状语

Hearing the news, they felt very excited.听到这个消息，他们感到很兴奋。

Go along this street until you reach the end.沿着这条街走直到到达尽头为止。

(2)地点状语

Pandas only live in China.熊猫仅生活在中国。

You should put the book where it was.你应该把这本书放回原来的地方。

(3)程度状语

I have quite a lot of work to do.我有相当多的工作要做。

(4)目的状语

We’ll go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday.这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。

He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper.他从口袋里掏出一些零钱来买报纸。She got up early so that she could catch the first bus.她早早地起床，以便能够赶上这辆早班车。

(5)方式状语

We usually go to school on foot.我们通常步行去上学。

Please do it as I told you.请按我告诉你的去做。

(6)让步状语

Though she has a lot of money, she is unhappy.虽然她很有钱，而她并不幸福。

No matter what happens, I will never lose heart.无论发生什么，我将决不失去信心。

(7)条件状语

If you don’t work hard, you’ll fall behind the others.假如你不努力学习，你将落后于别人。

Given more attention, the flowers would have grown better.如果给予更多的关心的话，这些花将长得更好。

(8)比较状语

Your watch is not the same as mine.你的手表与我的不一样。

Mike is not as(so)tall as Jack.迈克不及杰克高。

(9)原因状语

We didn’t go to the park because of the bad weather.由于天气不好，我们没有去公园。I’m glad to meet you.见到你我很高兴。

Being ill, he didn’t go to school.由于病了，他没有去上学。

(10)结果状语

The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.风是如此地猛烈，以致于我们寸步难行。

He left early, so that he caught the train.他早早地离去，(结果)因此赶上了火车。

(11)伴随状语

The doctor hurried off, with a medicine box under his arm.这位医生匆匆离去，胳膊下夹着一个药箱子。

The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of his students.老师进到教室里来，后面跟着一群学生。

7.英语句子成分·宾语补足语

宾语补足语主要用来补充说明宾语，与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系，可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词等充当。如：

Tom found the climb quite easy.汤姆觉得爬山很容易。

Don’t be so formal.Call me Jim.不要这样正规，叫我吉姆好了。

You must keep it clean.你要把它保持干净。

注意：后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有 call, name, think, make, choose 等，后跟形容词作宾语补足语的谓语动词有 keep, find, get, think, make 等。动词不定式作宾语补足语时，当谓语动词为感官动词(如 feel, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at 等)，使役动词(如 let, have, make 等)，动词不定式不带 to。

英语句型结构

一．简单句：

英语基本句型-1

主系表结构：本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。

系动词有:

1.表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;

2.表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;

3.表示状态变化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;

eg: Our English teacher is thirty years old.The cake tastes delicious.The potatoes went bad in the fields.英语基本句型-2

主谓结构：本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。

如：The sun rises.Tom has already left.主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。

如: 1.The red sun rises in the east.2.They had to travel by air or boat.3.She sat there alone.英语基本句型-3

主谓宾结构:本结构是由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语构成。宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。

如：1.Tom made a hole in the wall.2.I don’t know if he can come tomorrow.3.They haven’t decided where to go next.4.She stopped teaching English two years ago.英语基本句型-4

双宾语结构：此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）”组成。如： He brings me cookies every day.英语基本句型-5

复合宾语结构: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语补足语用来补充和说明宾语的性质和特点，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。

如： The sun keeps us warm.I heard him singing.They made Tom monitor.用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：

I found it very pleasant to be with your family.也可以说 I found it was pleasant to be with your family.它们的区别在于第一个是简单句第二个是复合句，意思都是一样的。

英语基本句型-6

There be 句型.二．并列句。

结构：

1.由分号连接。

eg.Some people cry;others laugh.Let’s start early;we have a long way to go.2.由并列连词及词组连接-——and/ but /or/ so / however / still/ therefore /yet /while /otherwise /for /both…and…/not only…but also…/as well as/

or else/ either…or…/neither…nor…/not…but…等。

eg: I’d like to, but I have lots of homework to do.I’ve got a cold, so I’m going to bed.Both my father and mother are teachers.It’s very good, yet I don’t like it.三、复合句

构成：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构，但主句是全局的主体，从句只是全句中的一个成分，不能独立存在。从句通常是用引导词来引导的，引导词起连接主句和从句的作用。

篇3：如何分析英语句子

一、首先说主语

可以做主语的有五类:名词类、代词类、动词+ing (动词现在分词短语) 、to do (动词不定式短语) 、句子类。

1. 名词或名词短语, 如The dog is running.中的“the dog”。His father works in a factory.中的“his father”。

2. 代词, 如I'm a teacher.中的“I”。They are flying kites.中的“they”。

3. 动名词或短语, 如Talking loudly in public is not good manner.中的“talking loudly in public”。Knowing how to drive is useful.中的“knowing how to drive”。

4. 动词不定式短语, 如To become a teacher was his wish.中的“to become a teacher”。名词性从句, 如Who will attend the meeting has not been decided yet.中的“who will attend the meeting”。其中当后三者作主语时常用形式主语it代替放在句首。例:1) It is a waste of time arguing with him. (v+ing) 2) It needs hard work to pass CET-6. (to do短语) .3) It is an unusual person who can finish it in just one day. (句子作主语)

翻译技巧:it作形式主语永远不要译。翻译好后必须将真主语还原放在前面。对特别长的主语可以不置前。

二、再说谓语

谓语主要由动词构成, 但由于谓语动词的不同特性, 有时还要有宾语或表语, 不同类型的动词决定着不同的简单句的结构, 英语动词大致可分为以下几类:

1. 系动词, 表示人或事物的状态。

其中又包括be动词和系动词, 常见的有look, sound, smell, taste, go, turn, become, feel等。如I am a teacher.The silk feels soft.

2. 实义动词。

(1) 表示人或事物的动作。英语中表示具体行为或动作的动词, 成为实义动词, 如raise, repair, study, stand, eat等, 它们在句中主有充当谓语。 (2) 实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词两类:及物动词 (Vt) , 表示的行为涉及到其他人或事物, 即需要有宾语才能表达完整的意思。如Please raise your hands;不及物动词 (Vi) , 表示的行为不涉及其他的人或事物, 不需要宾语, 其意思已经完整。如It often rains hard。综上所述, 英语简单句的基本句型有以下几种。⑴s+v+p, 即主、系、表结构, 如:They are workers. (2) s+v, 即主、谓、壮结构, 如:We should work hard everyday. (3) s+v+o, 即主、谓、宾结构, 如:I'll tell you an interesting story. (4) There be+s+adv, 即There+谓语动词be+主语+状语, 如:There are40 students in the classroom.

一个句子永远只有一个谓语 (并列也行, 如He stands and waves with the song) , 那么其他的动词必须以动词+ing, 动词+ed (动词过去分词结构) , to do三种形式出现, 就是其他动词不能以谓语形式出现。例:The roots of the trees can break up the soil, allowing the rain to sink in. (这是一个句子) 。break up是谓语, 动词allow只能是v+ing形式, 而动词sink只能是to do形式。

三、说宾语

可以作宾语的有六类:名词类、代词类、动词+ing (动词ing形式短语) 、to do (动词不定式短语) 、句子以及形容词。即比主语多了一类形容词。可以说谓语的动作对象就是宾语。例:The scientist gave the baby a nipple attached to a closed rubber tube.句中的the baby和a nipple都是动作give的宾语。

四、定语

可以作定语的有五类:句子、介词短语、动词+ing, 动词+ed, to do。例如: (1) The boys were afraid as they saw the frightening look on the stranger's face. (frightening v-ing形式作look的定语) 。 (2) When I entered the room, I noticed a frightened look come over her face. (frightened v-ed形式作look的定语) 。 (3) Most modern coins have face value, that is the value that governments decide to give them. (that governments decide to give them句子作the value的定语) .

五、状语

可以作状语的有六类:句子、介词短语、动词+ing, 动词+ed, to do以及副词。即比定语多了一类副词 (1) The train started back to London at 8:00 on the morning of July 25. (介词短语作状语) (2) He came up shouldering a spade. (动词+ing作状语) (3) Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective. (动词+ed作状语) (4) To save the worker's life, they even sent a helicopter there. (to do作状语) (5) He is an honest person as far as I know. (句子作状语) (6) She cried sadly. (副词作状语) 。介词短语既可作定语也可作状语, 当介词短语在名词后时就是定语, 不在名词后就是状语。 (表示时间的介词短语除外) 。例:Changes in pressure in the tube switched channels on a tape recorder in pressure在名词后为定语, 而in the tube就为状语。

六、如何分析句子结构

但实际生活中人们交流所用的语言并不是这么简单, 句子中往往还有其它成分和变化。但是, 只要我们把握住简单句的基本结构, 任何复杂的句子都是可以理解的。分析句子的具体步骤如下: (1) 找出所有的谓语动词。这是决定能否正确分析句子的关键; (2) 找出和谓语动词相应的主语: (3) 分析并确定谓语动词的性质, 并找出与其有密切关系的次要成分, 如表语、宾语、宾语补语等; (4) 如果有两个或两个以上的独立谓语动词 (非并列谓语) , 就要找出各个分句之间的连接部分, 即连接词或关系词, 并确定所要分析的句子的类属。 (5) 分析句子的其它成分, 如定语、状语、同位语、插入语等, 例如:The present question is that many people consider impossible what is really possible if effort is made.分析如下: (1) 这是一个复杂句, 有从句的存在。属主、系、表结构。 (2) 主语是the present question. (3) 谓语是is。 (4) 表语是that many people consider impossible what is really possible if effort is made这样一个that引导的从句。 (5) 从句的结构:主语———many people, 谓语———consider, 复杂宾语———impossible what is really possible, 条件状语———if effort is made。I remember how frustrated I felt and how the males of shop-stewards'committee only let me speak right at the end when they had already made a decision.分析如下: (1) 这也是个复杂句, 属主、谓、宾结构。 (2) 主语是代词I。 (3) 谓语是remember。 (4) 复杂宾语是how frustrated I felt and how the males of shop-stewards'committee only let me speak right at the end when they had already made a decision。包括由and连接的两个how引导的名词性从句和when引导的时间状语从句。在阅读中碰到长难句也是一样, 把枝枝叶叶先砍掉, 找出主干, 意思就清楚了。然后看定语、状语是修饰什么的, 意思是什么。

篇4：分析英语句子成分

一、汉语句子成分分析的一些基本概念

句子成分分析即从句法结构的关系意义出发，对句子的成分功能或作用进行分析。一般情况下，主语在前，谓语在后。定语是限定或者修饰名词或代词用的。

助词“地”：助词“地”是状语的标志。状语后面加不加“地”的情况很复杂。单音节副词做状语，一定不加，有些双音节副词加不加“地”均可。形容词里，单音节形容词做状语比较少，大都也不能加“地”，例如“快跑、苦练、大干”。多音节形容词有相当一部分加不加都可以。由于补语与定语从句的关联不大，在这也就不加分析。

二、英语的定语从句

英语中定语从句是指在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词在从句中充当对应的句子成分，先行词与关系词在复合句中的地位同等。

（一）定语从句中使用什么关系代词，通常取决于先行词和关系代词在从句中所充当的句子成分

1．关系词在句中充当主语(subject)。例如：The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves.句中the trees是先行词，which是关系代词, The trees have lost their leaves为复合句的主句。定语从句则为 are on the school campus根据句子成分定义，主语是句子陈述的对象,是一个句子的主体,括号里对应的汉语翻译（在校园里）从汉语角度看来，是一个不完整的句子，它缺少主语。显然，which在这个汉语句子中的成分应该为主语。

2．关系词在从句中作宾语（object）。This is the pen that I left on the desk. this is the pen 是一个完整的句子。从句为 I left on the desk，显然不是完整的句子。Left（放）缺乏一个对象，句子应该是I left --- on the desk，而空格部分插入the pen就很完整。 the pen即是句中的宾语，又因为先行词和关系词地位同等，所以that在从句中作宾语。

3．关系词在从句中作定语（attribute）。She has a brother whose name I cant remember. 同以上几种情形一样，She has a brother是完整的句子。从句应该为I cant remember --- name。句中name（名字）作为整个句子的名词，概念过于笼统需要加以修饰才能使其意义明确，汉语中定语一般指修饰语，多置于名词和代词之前，起修饰作用。由此可以肯定从句中缺少的是定语。所以部分应该为a brothers，修饰和限定后面名词的范围。其相当于从句中使用的关系代词whose。

（二）定语从句中使用关系副词的情形由其在句中成分决定。关系副词一般在句中充当状语，且多为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语，分别由when、where、why引导

I will never forget the day when I came here. This is the village where I was born. The reason why she did that is quite clear.

以上三例关系副词作状语，分别解释了：我来这具体的时间，我出生的地点以及她为什么那样做。

篇5：简明英语句子成分分析

一、句子的成分概说

句子是包含主语部分和谓语部分的一组词。它有一定的语法结构和语调，用来表达一个比较完整的独立的概念。句子的各个组成部分，叫做句子成分。英语的句子成分有：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。此外有些句子还带有呼唤语、感叹语、插入语，它们在句法上与句子的其他成分不发生关系，叫做独立成分。

句子的成分一般由实词（具有实义的词类）担任。实词有名词、代词、形容词、数词、动词和副词。虚词在句子中只起辅助和联系作用，不能做句子成分。虚词有冠词、介词、连词、助动词等。

二、句子成分

（一）主语

主语是一句话的主题，是说话人要说明的对象，表示所谈的是“谁”或是“什么”。主语一般在谓语之前。英语里可担任主语的有名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式（短语）、现在分词（短语）、从句等。

1、名词作主语

Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。The book on the desk is mine.书桌上的那本书是我的。The letter is in her basket.信在她的篮子里。

2、代词作主语

He goes to school after breakfast.早饭后他去上学。

They have lived in Beijing since 1972.自1972年以来，他们就住在北京。He has learned English for 2 years.他学英语两年了。We study hard.我们学习努力。This is a book.这是一本书。

She is coming back either today or tomorrow.她不是今天就是明天回来。

3、数词作主语

Three of the boys joined the army.男孩儿中的三个参军了。Ten is a very important number.十是一个重要数字。

4、名词化的形容词作主语 The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer.富者愈富，穷者愈穷。The rich are not always happy.富有的人未必是幸福的。

5、不定式（短语）作主语

To read in the sun is bad for your eyes.太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好。To teach them English is my job.教他们英语是我的工作。

6、现在分词（短语）作主语

Smoking is bad for you.吸烟对你有害。Swimming is good exercise.游泳是很好的运动。

7、名词化的介词作主语

The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come.我们必须承认人生之沉浮。

8、名词化的过去分词作主语。

The disabled are to receive more money.残疾人将得到更多的救济金。The deceased died of old age.死者死于年老。

9、介词短语作主语。

To Beijing is not very far.到北京不很远。

9、从句作主语

Whenever you are ready will be fine.你不论什么时候准备好都行。It’s not your fault that this has happened.发生了这样的事不是你的错。

10、句子作主语。

“How do you do ?”is a greeting.“你好吗？”是一句问候语。

（二）谓语

1、概说

谓语是说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）用动词。

动词常分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词以及助动词。情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语，它们必须和实义动词或连系动词一起构成谓语。实义动词包括及物动词和不及物动词，及物动词后面要带宾语。通常情况下，谓语位于主语之后。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。谓语有简单谓语和复合谓语之分。（1）简单谓语

简单谓语由一个动词或短语动词构成。它有时态、语态、语气等。如： He will drive to Washington.他将开车去华盛顿。

I had finished my homework before 9 o’clock.在9点前我已完成我的家庭作业。He had left when we arrived there.当我们到时，他已经走了。（2）复合谓语

① 由“连系动词+表语”构成复合谓语。如： The game is very boring.这场比赛真没劲。Her brother is a driver.她哥哥是一名司机。Li Ming is a good student.李明是个好学生。

② 由“情态动词+动词原形”构成复合谓语。如：

She can swim very fast.她游泳游得很快。

We must work hard at English.我们必须努力学习英语。

2、谓语和主语的一致

一个句子的谓语动词与主语必须在人称和数上保持一致，规则如下：

（1）主语是单数必须跟单数形式的动词，主语是复数必须跟复数形式的动词，如： He is a friend of mine.他是我的一个朋友。

They always show concern for others.他们总是关心别人。

（2）两个或两个以上的单数名词由and连接起来作并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。如： You, he and I are all students.我、你和他都是学生。He and I like green tea.我和他喜欢绿茶。注：

A、用and连接的两个名词如果表示一个整体，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如： Bacon and eggs was served.火腿和蛋端了上来。

Fork and knife was used instead of chopsticks.用刀叉而不是用筷子。

B、有every或each修饰的单数名词并列时，谓语动词用单数形式。第二个every或each可省略。如：

Every hour and(every)minute is important.每一小时，每一分钟都很重要。Each man and(each)woman has a seat.每位男士和女士都就坐了。

（3）主语是单数，后面有其他干扰的成分如with, together with, along with, as well as, no less than, like, but, except 等短语时，仍和单数形式的谓语动词连用。如：

The teacher, as well as the pupils, is doing morning exercises.老师和学生在做早操。A woman with a baby is coming to the hospital.一位妇女抱着一个婴儿正向医院走来。Emma with her students is singing an English song.埃玛和她的学生在唱一首英语歌。（4）当两个主语由or, either…or, neither…nor或not only…but also等连接时，谓语动词应该和最邻近的主语一致。如：

His parents or his sister often helps him.要么是他父母要么是他姐姐常帮助他。

Either Tim or his brothers have to tidy the room.不是蒂姆，就是他的兄弟们去打扫房间。Neither the teacher nor the students know the answer.老师和学生都不知道答案。

Not only the pupils but also the teacher is going to the cinema.不但学生们，而且老师也要去看电影。

（5）有些集体名词，如：people, police, youth, cattle 等用作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：

The police are looking for the missing child.警察在寻找失踪的儿童。

People standing there are talking about the bad news.站在那边的人正在议论那个坏消息。Cattle are also kept.还养牛。

注：people作“民族”解时，作单数用。如：

The Chinese people is a great people.中华民族是一个伟大的民族。

（6）有些名词以“s”结尾，但却是单数。如：news, physics, politics 等。所以谓语动词应用单数形式。如：

What’s the news? 这消息是什么？

（7）由here和there引起的句子中，如有两个和两个以上的主语，谓语动词通常和最邻近be的那个名词一致。如：

There is a pen and three books on the desk.书桌上有一支钢笔，三本书。There are three books and a pen on the desk.书桌上三本书，一支钢笔。

（8）集体名词作主语时，如作为整体看待，谓语动词用单数；如作为个体看待，则有复数。这类集体名词有audience（观众，听众）,class（班级）,committee（委员会）,couple（夫妇）,family（家庭）,government（政府）,group（小组）,team（队）,army（部队）等。如：

My family is a small one.我的家庭是一个小家庭。My family are listening to the radio.我家里人正在听广播。

The class are doing experiment in the lab.全班同学正在实验室里做实验。（9）each和由some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词，在意义上属于单数。它们作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：

Each day is better than the one before.一天比一天好。Everybody was wearing their shorts.每个人都穿着短裤。Everyone is here.每个人都在这儿。

（10）Chinese, French, English, Japanese 等名词作主语表示语言时，用单数动词；表示人时，用复数动词。如：

English is spoken in many countries.许多国家讲英语。The Chinese are very friendly.中国人很友好。

（11）表示时间、重量、价值、长度、距离等的复数名词作主语时，把它视作一个整体谓语动词用单数形式。如：

Fifty years is not a short period.50年并不是一个短时期。

Twenty miles is a long way to walk.走二十英里路可是很长的一段路程。Where’s that five pounds? 那五英镑在哪儿？

Ten thousand dollars is a lot of money.一万美元是一大笔钱。（12）a number of 与the number of 作主语

“a number of +复数可数名词”表示“一些”、“许多”的意思，谓语动词用复数；“the number of+复数可数名词”表示“„„的数目、数量”，谓语动词用单数。如： A number of books are missing from the library.图书馆丢了许多书。

The number of workers in this factory is increasing.这家工厂的工人数目正在增加。

（三）表语

表语是指跟在连系动词be, seem, look, feel, get, smell, become等词后面的词语或从句，用以说明主语的身份、特征、和状态。由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语、现在分词（短语）、过去分词（短语）、从句等充当。

1、名词作表语

I was a worker at that time.那时我还是个工人。

2、代词作表语

These sweets are mine, those are yours.这些糖果是我的，那些是你的。——Who is it? 是谁呀？ ——It’s me/I.是我。注：当人称代词作表语时，在口语中常用宾格，在正式文体中用主格。

3、形容词作表语

You will feel better after taking this medicine.服了这药你会感到好一些。The girl is quite pretty.这个姑娘长得相当漂亮。The price sounds reasonable.这价格听起来还是公道的。

4、数词作表语

We are altogether fourteen.我们一共四十个人。Five plus seven is twelve.五加七是十二。

5、副词作表语

Is your father in? 你父亲在家吗？ The meeting is over.会议结束了。

6、介词短语作表语

My books are on the desk.我的书在书桌上。They are at home now.他们现在在家。

7、动词不定式短语作表语

My job is to teach them English.我的工作是教他们英语。The question is when to start.问题是什么时候开始。His wish is to become a teacher.她的愿望是成为一名教师。

8、现在分词（短语）作表语

What he likes is reading novels.他的喜好是读小说。

9、过去分词（短语）作表语 His cup is broken.他的杯子碎了。

Are you excited about your new job? 你对你的新工作感到高兴吗？

10、从句作表语

The question is what we should do first.问题是我们先干什么。

（四）宾语

1、直接宾语

宾语表示动作的对象或行为的承受者，用在及物动词或相当与及物动词的短语动词之后。可以作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、名词化的形容词、现在分词（短语）、从句等。（1）名词作宾语

She is playing the piano now.她正在弹钢琴。

Please open the door? 请把门打开好吗？ Can you drive a car? 你会开车吗？（2）代词作宾语

She often helps us with our study.他常常帮助我们学习。

We should keep these in mind.我们应该记住这些。

All the students in our class should help one another.我们全班应该互相帮助。You needn’t look at me like that.你不必那样瞧着我。（3）数词作宾语

I like the first.我喜欢第一个。（4）不定式（短语）作宾语

He tried to catch up with his classmates.他设法赶上他的同学。I’d like to be able to dance.我希望能跳舞。（5）名词化的形容词作宾语

We should respect the old.我们应尊敬老人。

The scientists may find out the unknown.科学家们可以发现不知道的事物。He is always helping the poorer than himself.他总是帮助比他穷困的人。（6）现在分词（短语）作宾语

Return the book to the library as soon as you finish reading it.你一看完这本书就还回图书馆。He stopped smoking last week.他上星期戒烟了。He denied visiting her house.他否认去过她的家。（7）从句作宾语

She said that she was busy.她说她很忙。

The mother asked how her daughter was.母亲问她的女儿身体如何。

2、间接宾语

在英语中，有些及物动词，如bring, give, send, show, tell, teach, lend, pass 等，可以有两个宾语，一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫做间接宾语，指物的叫做直接宾语，间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。如：

Can you give me any information on this matter? 你能给我提供这些事的任何信息吗？ Write me a letter every month, please.请每月给我写封信。

Can you lend me the same ruler as was used yesterday? 你能借给我昨天用的同一把尺子吗？有时，也可以在间接宾语之前加介词to或for，构成介词短语，并把这个短语放在直接宾语之后。如：

Mather bought the handkerchief for you, not for me.母亲是给你的，而不是给我买的手帕。I took it to the policeman on duty.我把它交给了值勤的警察。

（五）定语

定语是修饰名词或代词的。定语有前置定语和后置定语之分。一般来说，形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格等作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之前作前置定语；而副词、介词短语、不定式短语、现在分词短语、过去分词短语、从句作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之后作后置定语。

1、形容词作前置定语

It is a difficult problem.这是一个棘手的问题。

He said he had an important meeting to attend.他说他有一个重要的会议要出席。

2、代词作前置定语

His birth-place is Beijing;Mine si Shanghai.他的出生地是北京，我的出生地是上海。May I have your name, please? 请问您的大名？

3、数词作前置定语

We have four lessons in the morning.上午我们上四节课。Tom is their second son.汤姆是他们的第二个儿子。

When I sat down, a fourth man rose to speak.我坐下后第四个人又起来发言。

4、名词或名词所有格作前置定语

I do morning exercises every day.我每天做早操。

We should follow the doctor’s advice.我们应听医生的嘱咐。

5、副词作后置定语

Who is the man over there? 那边的男人是谁？

Every night, the man upstairs came back late.每天晚上，楼上的那个人回来很晚。

6、介词短语作后置定语

A college in London had agreed to take me.最后伦敦的一所院校同意接受我。The book on the desk is interesting.桌上那本书很有趣。

7、不定式短语作后置定语

Can you give me some work to do? 你能给我什么活儿干吗？ He needs a place to live in.他需要有个住的地方。

8、现在分词短语作后置定语

The boy sitting at the desk is called Tom.坐在书桌旁的那个男孩叫汤姆。

9、过去分词短语作后置定语

There is a little difference between written English and spoken English.书面英语和口头英语有些不同。（单个过去分分词作前置定语）

I hate to see letters written in pencil.我讨厌看用铅笔写的信。

10、从句作后置定语

The car that’s parked outside is mine.停在外面的汽车是我的。（限制性从句）

Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one.我在外面看见你的汽车了，它给另一辆车撞了。（非限制性从句）

（六）状语

1、状语的表现形式

状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。可用作状语的有副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、从句等。（1）副词作状语

They work hard.他们努力工作。

This is even better than that.这个比那个好。

I am truly sorry to hear that.听到那件事我确实很不安。I don’t quite agree with you.我不同意你的观点。It is very nice today.今天天气很好。（2）名词作状语

The coat costs 40 dollars.这件上衣值40美元。Come this way, please.请这边走。Wait a moment.等一会儿。

They worked day and night.他们日夜工作。（3）介词短语作状语

She will arrive on Monday.她将于星期一到达。Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.如果没有他的帮助，我们不可能解决这个问题。They were glad at the news.他们听到这个消息很高兴。（4）不定式作状语

To kill bugs, spray the area regularly.为了杀死臭虫，这地方要经常喷洒。They stopped to have a rest.他们停下来休息。（5）现在分词（短语）作状语

They entered the room, talking and laughing.他们又说又笑地走进房间。（6）从句作状语

She won’t come to work today because she is ill.她今天没来上班是因为病了。

I will return the book to you on Monday if I have read it by then.如果星期一读完了，那我会把书还给你的。

She has lived alone since her husband died.自丈夫去世后她一直独自生活。

2、状语的分类

状语按照内容可以分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、条件状语、方式状语、程度状语、频度状语、伴随状语。（1）时间状语

What were you doing at ten last night? 昨晚十点钟你在干什么？ At that time, she was working in a factory.那时她在工厂工作。(2)地点状语

I met Professor Wu at the library.我在图书馆遇见了吴教授。

注：如果句中既有时间状语，又有地点状语，则地点状语通常方阵时间状语之前。如： I’ll meet him at the school gate tomorrow.明天我们要在学校门口与他见面。（3）原因状语

Because she was ill, Mary lost her job.玛丽由于生病，失去了工作。

Having no money, he could not buy the TV set.因为没有钱，他不能买电视机。（4）目的状语

In order to get into a good school, he studies hard day and night.为了考入一个好的学校，他夜以继日地苦读。

He lit a fire so that he would be warm.他生火取暖。（5）结果状语 The wind blew with such force that people could hardly stand up against it.风很大，人们几乎站不住。

It continued raining all that day, so that I could not stir abroad.那天下一天雨，我没法出去。（6）条件状语

I can’t do it without your help.没有你的帮助，我做不成这件事。If it rained, I went by car.如果那时下雨，我就乘车走了。（7）让步状语

Whatever/No matter what I said, he refused to go.不论我说什么他都不愿走。They succeeded in spite of all difficulties.尽管困难重重，他们还是成功了。（8）方式状语

He knew the country around as he knew his own house.他了解那儿的乡村一如他了解自己的房舍。（9）程度状语

放在被修饰的词之前，但enough一词则放在形容词之后。We are very busy.我们很忙。

This problem is difficult enough.这个问题够难的。（10）频度状语

作频度状语的副词always, often, usually, seldom, ever, never 等一般放在实意动词之前，连系动词之后。如：

They have already done their homework.他们已经做完作业。We’ll never forget your kindness.我们永远忘不了你的好意。She almost forgot about the whole thing.她几乎忘了整个事情。They are always late for school.他们总是上学迟到。They can hardly stay at home alone.他们几乎不单独在家。He has never been there.他从来没去过那里。（11）伴随状语

They are now at breakfast, talking about the plan for their trip.他们正在吃早餐，谈论着旅行计划。

She stood there, listening to the radio.她站在那里，听着收音机。

（七）宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除了要有一个直接宾语外，还要带上宾语补足语，句子的意思才能完整。宾语和宾语补足语（简称宾补）一起构成复合宾语，二者之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。可以作宾补的有形容词、副词、名词、不定式（短语）、现在分词（短语）、过去分词（短语）、介词短语等。如：

1、形容词作宾语补足语

I made the room beautiful.我把房子拾掇得漂漂亮亮的。No one ever saw him angry.从未有人见他恼怒过。

2、副词作宾语补足语

Keep the lights on while you are out.你不在家时，请开着灯。

He found the meeting over when he arrived there.他到那里时，发现会议已经结束了。

3、名词作宾语补足语

They named the child John.他们给孩子取名约翰。They made him head of the group.他们选他当小组长。

4、不定式短语作宾语补足语

What do you want me to do? 你希望我为你做些什么事？

The doctor advised Mary to have more exercises.大夫劝玛丽多锻炼。

注：当动词hear, feel, make, watch, see, observe 等词后面的宾语补足语是不定式时，在主动语态中，不定式前面的“to”必须省略；在被动语态中，不定式前面的“to”不能省略。如： I heard someone knock at the next door.我听见有人敲隔壁房间的门。I saw him run away.我看到他逃跑了。

5、现在分词（短语）作宾语补足语

I saw him coming last night.我昨晚看见他来了。

Aren’t you ashamed to have everybody laughing at you? 你弄得人们都笑你，难道不害臊？

6、过去分词（短语）作宾语补足语

I had my watch mended in town.我在城里修的表。（叫别人修的表）

When you talk, you have to at least make yourself understood.你说话，至少要让别人听懂。

7、介词短语作宾语补足语

You should put your things in order.你应该把你的东西摆整齐。Make yourselves at home.你们请随意。

（八）主语补足语英语中补足主语的意义的句子成分叫做主语补足语，常见的有形容词、名词、数词、不定式、分词、介词、从句等。如：

Tired and sleep, I went to bed.我又累又困，就去睡了。（形容词用作主语补足语常置于主语前。）

The man, cruel beyond belief, didn’t listen to their pleadings.那人不可置信地残酷，不听取他们的恳求。（形容词有时也置于主语之后，前后皆有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。）

You act strange.你有点异乎寻常呀。（主语补足语常置于谓语动词之后，形成“主+谓+主补”结构。）

He got off the bench very nervous.他很不安地从长凳上下来。（主语补足语置于宾语之后，形成“主+谓+宾+主补”结构。）

He was called Oliver.他名叫奥利弗。（名词作主语补足语。）

He was seen to go upstairs.有人看见他上楼去了。（不定式作主语补足语。）

Starting as a street vendor, he is now general manager of a trading corporation in Shanghai.他原来是一个街道摊贩，现在则是上海一家贸易公司的总经理。（现在分词短语作主语补足语。）He came home quite changed.他回到家时已完全变了。（过去分词短语作主语补足语。）He came home out of happiness.他回到家时很不高兴。（介词短语作主语补足语。）People are just born what color they are.人们的肤色是天生的。（名词性从句作主语补足语。）As a true friend he stood by me to the end.作为我的真挚朋友，他助我到最后。（用作主语补足语的名词之前有as。）

He was taken for my brother.他被误认作我的兄弟。（主语补足语之前有时也可用介词for。）

三、独立成分

（一）呼唤语

称呼人的用语，称为呼唤语。它可以位于句首，也可以位于句末或句中。Hurry up, children, or we’ll be late.赶快吧，孩子们！否则我们要迟到了。

Shylock, how can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none? 夏洛克，如果你不宽恕别人，你自己怎能希望得到别人的宽恕呢？

（二）感叹语

感叹语表示喜怒哀乐等感情。他多位于句首，也可放在句中或句末。常用作感叹语的感叹词有：hello, oh, well, why, alas, eh 等。如： Here!Don’t cry!好了！别哭了！Oh, what a beautiful garden this is!啊！这是多么美丽的花园！Well, well, here’s Jack.哎呦，杰克来了。Why, it is past noon.哎呀，已经中午了。

Ah!I have never heard of such things before!啊！我以前从未听说过这种事情！注：

A、其他同类的词也可用作感叹词，表示突然的情绪。如：

Fire!Fire!Water!Quick!The house is on fire.着火了！着火了！水！快！房子着火了！B、yes 和no在句子里也是一种独立成分。如： ——Do you know Tom? 你认识汤姆？ ——Yes, I do.是的，我认识。

（三）插入语

在叙事中途往往插入一些词语，对一句话作一些附加的解释。这类词语称为插入语。它可位于句首、句中或句末。

常用的插入语有：I think 我想,I believe 我相信,I suppose 我想,I must admit 我必须承认,in my opinion 依我看,as far as I know 据我所知,as…is concerned 就„„来说,to tell you the truth 说真的,to be frank 坦率地说,in other words 换句话说,after all 毕竟,of course 当然,if you don’t mind 如果你不介意的话,if I may say so 如果我可以这样说的话,„„等。如： By the way, do you happen to know the young man’s name? 顺便问一下，你知道那个年轻人的名字吗？

That’s the cheapest suit we have, I’m afraid.恐怕那是我们最便宜的西服了。To be frank, I don’t think you are right.坦率地说，我认为你是错的。

The cross-talk, I think, was both interesting and instructive.那个相声，我觉得既有趣又能教育人。

注：由于本人水平有限，难免会有不足或错误之处，欢迎读者批评指正，相互学习，共同进步。

2012年3月10日