关键词： 功能
奥巴马电视讲话（精选四篇）
奥巴马电视讲话 篇1
1 评价系统简介和演说语篇中的评价资源
Martin[6]将表达作者或说话者观点、态度、立场的语言资源称之为评价系统(Appraisal Systems),它包括态度(Attitude)、介入(Engagement)和级差(Graduation)三大子系统。它们又分别次系统化。态度次系统化为情感(affect)、判断(judgment)和鉴赏(appreciation);介入次系统化为自言(monogloss)和借言(heterogloss);级差次系统化为语势(force)和聚焦(focus)。其中态度系统是整个评价系统的核心,而情感系统又是整个态度系统的中心[5]15。如图1所示。
政治演讲是演讲者针对国内外政治情况,阐明自己的立场、观点和政策而发表的演讲。政治演讲以口述的书面语的形式,运用显性或隐含的评价手段反映演讲者对语篇所传达的话语信息的价值判断。这些价值判断及其体现手段就构成了演讲语篇的评价资源,而评价资源又反映了演讲者的立场、观点和态度。下面我们分别从介入、态度和级差角度来探讨分析奥巴马总统是如何在他的讲话中运用评价性手段,表明以他为代表的美国政府对拉登之死的立场、观点和态度。
2 奥巴马讲话中的介入
根据介入理论,语言使用者用介入手段调节其对所说或所写内容所承担的责任和义务。介入可以由自言和借言来实现。自言意味着排除对话性(elide dialogism),没有投射,话语中只有语言使用者一个人的“声音”,评价活动通过单个人的声音来实施。而借言有参照对话性(reference dialogism),由直接投射、间接投射、话外投射和领域投射来实现,话语中可出现多个人的“声音”,评价活动通过投射声音来实施,从而使语言使用者可以推卸或摆脱责任,同时能让所说的话显得十分客观[5]18。
在奥巴马讲话中,使用的最多的人称是第一人称复数“we”。通观全文,共计40次之多,并且还使用了大量与之相照应的词语,如:the American people,the world,the United States,our friends and allies,America,one American family等等。演说者借此最大程度地扩展了其代言的利益团体的范围,表明击毙拉登不是基于他个人或以他为核心的美国政府的利益,而是符合美国人民、美国人民的朋友和同盟甚至是全世界人民的利益,把听众拉到自己同一立场,引起听众强烈共鸣,从而有效地淡化了态度观点的主观性,最大范围地实现演说“认同”的意图,证明此次行动是人心所向,是正义之战。
除此之外,奥巴马在讲话中使用次数最多的人称是第一人称单数“I”,共计10次。第一人称单数的使用主要用于表明演说者是事件的直接参与者,从而增强了话语的可信度。笔者认为,奥巴马对“I”的使用的确有基于这方面的考量,但其还有更深层次的用意,即“I”的使用是为了以一种较为隐蔽的方式表明此次针对拉登的“定点”袭击行动是由自己授权、领导和全程监控的,以期为自己任职期间的政绩加分,从而一定程度上增加连任的胜算。请看以下例句:
1)And so shortly after taking office,I directed Leon Panetta,the director of the CIA,to make the killing or capture of bin Laden the top priority of our war against al Qaeda,even as we continued our broader efforts to disrupt,dismantle,and defeat his network.
2)I met repeatedly with my national security team as we developed more information about the possibility that we had located bin Laden hiding within a compound deep inside of Pakistan.And finally,last week,I determined that we had enough intelligence to take action,and authorized an operation to get Osama bin Laden and bring him to justice.
与此同时,奥巴马在讲话中还运用了一处借言和模糊词语的结合以推卸或摆脱责任,增加传达信息的可靠度和客观性。
3)Tonight,I called President Zardari,and my team has also spoken with their Pakistani counterparts.They agree that this is a good and historic day for both of our nations.And going forward,it is essential that Pakistan continue to join us in the fight against al Qaeda and its affiliates.
尽管事后扎尔达里以及巴基斯坦外交部连续声明巴基斯坦没有参加行动,甚至于美方此次秘密突袭行动事先都没有知会巴当局,但是奥巴马却先发制人,在击毙拉登的第一时间向全世界通报拉登死讯时即以一模糊词汇“tonight”和一处借言“They agree that…Pakistan continue to join us…”技术性地规避了此次行动涉嫌侵犯巴基斯坦主权的质疑,推卸了责任,坐实了巴基斯坦配合美国、作为美国反恐同盟的角色。
3 奥巴马讲话中的态度
态度是指心理受到影响后对人类行为(behavior)、文本/过程(text/process)及现象(phenomena)做出的判断和鉴赏。该系统又分为三个子系统:情感、判断和鉴赏。情感系统为整个态度系统的中心,它作为解释语言现象的资源,用来解释语言使用者对行为、文本/过程及现象做出的感情反应,由它导出判断系统和鉴赏系统[5]15。因此,本文着重从情感系统来分析。
3.1 情感性词汇
政治演讲语篇旨在实现“认同”的交际意图决定了其演讲语言大多具有“表情”、“呼吁”和“感染”功能。因此,传递情感类评价意义的词汇被大量使用,而且词性多种多样。“情感”有肯定、中立和否定三种类型。情感性词汇往往具有褒贬意义,表达说话者对所叙述的人物、事件、观点的态度。例如:
4)It was nearly 10 years ago that a brigh t September day was darkened by the worst attack on the American people in our history.…And yet we know that the worst images are those that were unseen to the world.The empty seat at the dinner table.Children who were forced to grow up without their mother or their father.Parents who would never know the feeling of their child’s embrace.Nearly 3,000 citizens taken from us,leaving a gaping hole in our hearts.
在讲话中,奥巴马用肯定性形容词bright和否定性动词darken的被动语态构成的强烈对比颇有成语“晴天霹雳”的意味,再现了当年美国人民对9-11事件措不及防的心理状态。紧接着,他连用两个否定性形容词最高级“worst”说明9-11事件对美国造成的创伤之深是史无前例的。餐桌旁蓦然呈现的空位(empty);被剥夺父母关爱的儿童们(forced);再也无法体会孩子拥抱的父母们(never),三个否定性词汇的连用又唤起了十年来渐渐平息的切肤之痛,让人们重新审视9-11事件在自己心中留下的巨大空洞(a gaping hole)。
5)We were also united in our resolve to protect our nation and to bring those who committed this vicious attack to justice…For over two decades,bin Laden has been al Qaeda’s leader and symbol,and has continued to plot attacks against our country and our friends and allies….Bin Laden was not a Muslim leader;he was a mass murderer of Muslims….It came to our shores,and started with the senseless slaughter of our citizens.
例5中,奥巴马用两个贬义词“vicious”和“plot”表达自己对拉登策划9-11恐怖事件行为的极度不耻,控诉其对美国本土无辜平民的无端残杀(the senseless slaughter),并多次直呼其名,或称其为“mass murderer”,显示出对其极端蔑视和憎恨的态度,明确表达了自己对拉登及其制造的9-11恐怖事件的价值评判。
6)Over the last 10 years,thanks to the tireless and heroic work of our military and our counterterrorism professionals,we’ve made great strides in that effort….A small team of Americans carried out the operation with extraordinary courage and capability….We give thanks for the men who carried out this operation for they exemplify the professionalism,patriotism,and unparalleled courage of those who serve our country.
奥巴马在讲话中运用一系列高度肯定性的形容词和名词热情赞扬了情报人员和军人在这十年反恐斗争中孜孜不倦的辛劳付出、卓越的专业能力、炽烈的爱国热忱以及无与伦比的英雄气概。虽然在此之前,美国人民看不到他们的工作,也不知道他们的名字,但奥巴马通过这一系列含有强烈褒义感情色彩的词的应用,让美国民众看到了这些专业反恐人士对于今夜的成功作出的不可磨灭的贡献,有效唤起听众的深深崇敬和感激之情。
7)The death of bin Laden marks the most significant achievement to date in our nation’s effort to defeat al Qaeda…They agree that this is a good and historic day for both of our nations.
“(迄今为止)最为重要的”、“令人喜悦的”、“具有历史意义的”,奥巴马用了三个肯定性形容词(其中一个为最高级)充分肯定了拉登之死对美国自9-11以来十年反恐斗争的重大标志性意义。这个令人骄傲的重大时刻,不仅属于在9-11和基地组织其他恐怖活动中失去至亲至爱的家庭,它也属于全世界所有爱好和平并相信人之尊严的民众。
3.2 情态
演讲者还可以利用情态系统来表达自己对事物所持的态度和看法。情态指讲话者对他讲话中所涉及的概率和频率、以及义务或意愿作出的判断。在讲话中,他使用了一些情态动词来表达观点和态度,如will,can,must,should,would等。不同的情态词具有不同的量值(value),因此所表达的意义也会有差异;它们可以表示不同程度的情态意义(可能性、经常性)和意态意义(义务、意愿)。根据韩礼德[2]620的观点,情态量值可以分为高、中、低三级,如表1所示。
8)As we do,we must also reaffirm that the United States is not–-and never will be-–at war with Islam.
有时为了加强语气,演讲者会将情态动词和一些表示强调的情态副词并用,如probably、usually、never、always等。比如上例中,will本是中量值情态动词,但是由于情态副词never的加入而转变为同must一样的高量值。两个高量值情态动词的连用表明了奥巴马(政府)反恐战略的鲜明立场,即美国发动反恐战争的出发点只是针对“基地”组织及其分支和追随者,美国从来不曾也永远不会与伊斯兰世界为敌。
9)Yet as a country,we will never tolerate our security being threatened,nor stand idly by when our people have been killed.We will be relentless in defense of our citizens and our friends and allies.We will be true to the values that make us who we are.
拉登之死是美国反恐至今最重要的成就,但却并不意味着从此美国将免受恐怖袭击威胁,甚至接下来可能还会面临一个袭击威胁的高峰期。这段讲话连用三个中量值的will表明奥巴马(政府)秉承着对自由和公正的信仰,将竭尽全力保卫祖国、保卫人民、保卫美国朋友和同盟的坚定决心。
3.3 祈使语气
根据言语功能理论,政治演讲涉及两种功能:陈述功能(给予信息)和命令功能(求取服务)。一方面演讲者向听众提供某种信息,表明自己的态度和主张;另一方面,要求和呼吁听众采取行动,按照演讲者的意图去做事。一般来讲,与“陈述”和“命令”言语功能相一致的语气体现是陈述语气和祈使语气。在演讲语篇中陈述句占据主导地位。它的功能是告诉一则消息,一个想法和希望等。其次是祈使句。祈使句更多的用来表示劝告、邀请、建议和敦促等,在演讲语篇的评价意义构建方面起着非同小可的作用。由于演讲者的崇高威信,祈使句的使用更具煽动性[8]。例如讲话结尾:
10)And tonight,let us think back to the sense of unity that prevailed on 9/11….Let us remember that we can do these things not just because of wealth or power,but because of who we are:one nation,under God,indivisible,with liberty and justice for all.
这两个由“Let us…”引导的重复祈使句是奥巴马对听众的直接呼吁。他呼吁美国人民能如同9-11后一样,再次团结携手,继续保家卫国之路,因为“我们是上帝庇护下,为全人类争取自由和公正的坚不可摧的民族”。这样饱含感情色彩的祈使句位于整篇讲话的末尾,大大激发了听众的热情,催生了感情上的共鸣,从而达到演讲的效果。
4 奥巴马讲话中的级差
级差系统是对态度介入程度的分级资源,包括语势(FORCE)和聚焦(FOCUS)两个子系统。语势调节可分级的态度范畴的力度(volume),如是强势(raise)还是弱势(lower)。聚焦是把不能分级的态度范畴分级。聚焦分明显(sharpen)和模糊(soften)[5]19。级差横跨整个评价系统,它是对人际意义的润色,对态度系统的修饰。纵观奥巴马整篇讲话,笔者发现分级资源主要集中在语势上,尤其是强势资源相当丰富。这不仅增强了奥巴马观点、态度、立场的表达力度,也提高了语言的说服力和感染力。级差的体现形式包括强化、比较、最高级形态、重复和各种字系和音系特征[9]。前四种形式在上文的例4至例10中已有所体现。除此之外,奥巴马在讲话中还运用了大量的平行结构和头韵来加强语势,强调内容,加重情感,唤起共鸣。
奥巴马可谓是熟练使用平行结构,尤其是三平行结构的行家里手。短短1387字的讲话,二平行和三平行俯拾皆是,总计出现14次之多,尤其在讲话的前四段,奥巴马密集使用了7组平行结构,以强有力的节奏感和显著的语言表达效果在演讲的第一时间即掌握了听众的情绪,激发了听众的热情。
讲话开篇,奥巴马即用一个介词短语二平行和一个单词三平行,向美国人民和全世界(to the American people and to the world)通报了喜讯:基地组织头目,9-11事件的始作俑者,残害了几近三千无辜的男女老少(men,women,and children)的恐怖分子———本·拉登已被美军击毙。接着,他用一个分词结构四平行带领大家痛苦回忆了9-11的惨痛画面:遭劫持的飞机划破9月晴空;世贸双子瞬间倒塌;五角大楼上方黑烟滚滚;坠毁在宾夕法尼亚州尚克斯维尔的93号航班残骸……(hijacked planes cutting through a cloudless September sky;the Twin Towers collapsing to the ground;black smoke billowing up from the Pentagon;the wreckage of Flight 93 in ShanksvillePennsylvania)。然而9-11给美国人民带来的伤痛远不止此,奥巴马又用了一个三平行结构忍痛向世人揭开了美国人民心中最大的伤疤:家破人亡。餐桌旁蓦然呈现的空位;儿童们被剥夺了父母的关爱;父母们再也无法体会孩子的拥抱(The emptyseat at the dinner table.Children who were forced to grow up without their mother or their father.Parents who would never know the feeling of their child’s embrace)。面对这样史无前例的国家灾难,全体美国人走到了一起,上下同心。“我们向邻居们伸出援手,为受伤者献血。”(We offered our neighbors a hand,and we offered the wounded our blood.)“我们相互之间的关系更加牢固,我们对社区和国家的爱更加浓烈。”(We reaffirmed our ties to each other,and our love of community and country.)“不管我们来自何处,不管我们信仰哪一位神灵,也不管我们属于哪一个种族,我们都紧紧团结在一起,整个美国就像一个大家庭。”(No matter where we came from,what God we prayed to,or what race or ethnicity we were,we were united as one American family.)两个短语二平行和一个从句三平行的连用,奥巴马高度赞扬了美利坚民族强大的凝聚力,最大程度地唤醒了听众当年同仇敌忾,众志成城的豪情。
此外,讲话中的级差资源在音系特征上的体现主要集中在头韵,共计4处。头韵的运用体现了语言的音乐美和整齐美,不仅读起来琅琅上口、有环佩叮当之感,而且往往能产生声情交融、音义一体的效果,具有很强的表现力和感染力。例如:
11)And so shortly after taking office,I…make the killing or capture of bin Laden the top priority of our war against al Qaeda…to disrupt,dismantle,and defeat his network.
三个/d/音开头的单词在语义上的递进和音韵上的铿锵感表现了当年奥巴马上台后对打击以拉登为首的基地组织的坚定决心。
5 结束语
通过以上分析,我们可以看出这篇讲话的评价性手段多种多样。介入方面,主要通过自言的方式来表达,但主语又以第一人称复数“we”为主,并且不断变换包含范围,把尽可能多的听众拉到自己同一立场,从而有效地淡化了态度观点的主观性;而第一人称单数“I”的使用则出于彰显政绩的考虑。此外,也使用了一处借言以规避此次行动涉嫌侵犯巴基斯坦主权的质疑,同时加强传达信息的可靠度和客观性。态度方面,主要通过情感词汇、情态以及祈使句来表达立场、观点和态度,同时传达感情色彩,唤起情感体验,从而让听众更加支持演讲者的观点和立场。级差方面,则主要通过强化、比较、最高级形态、重复、平行结构和头韵来加强语势,进一步润色态度系统,加强态度的表达力度,提高了语言的说服力和感染力。
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[9]Martin J R,White P R R.The Language of Evaluation─Ap-praisal in English[M].London:Palgrave Macmillan,2005.
奥巴马电视台讲话 篇2
Hi,everybody.This week, because of Democrats and responsible Republicans came together，the government was reopened，and the threat of the default was removed from our economy.There’s a lot of discussion lately of the politics of this shutdown.But the truth is, there were no winners in this.At a time when our economy needs more growth and more jobs。The manufactured crises of these last few weeks actually harmed jobs and growth.And it’s understandable that your frustration with what goes on in Washington has never been higher。The way business is done in Washington has to change.Now that these clouds of crisis and uncertainty have lefted.We need to focus on what the majority of Americans sent us here to do.Grow the economy, create good jobs, strengthen the middle class，lay the foundation for broad-based prosperity, and get our fiscal house in order for the long haul.It won’t be easy, but we can make progress.Specifically, there are three places where I believe that Democrats and Republicans can work together right away.First, we should sit down and pursue a balanced approach to a responsible budget.One that grows our economy faster and shrinks our long--term deficits further。There is no choice between growth and fiscal responsibility, we need both.So we’re making a serious mistake if our budget doesn’t focus on what you’re focused on，creating more jobs that pay better wages.If we’re going to free up resources for the things that help us grow education, infrastructure, research, we should cut what we don’t need, and close corporate tax loopholes that don’t help create jobs.This shouldn’t be as difficult as it’s been in past years.Remember, our deficits are shrinking, not growing.Second, we should finish the job of fixing our broken immigration system.There is already a broad coalition across America that’s behind this effort, from business leaders to faith leaders to law enforcement。It would our economy.It would secure our borders.The Senate has already passed a bill with strong bipartisan support.Now the house should, too.The majority of Americans think this is the right thing to do.It can and should get done by the end of this year.Third, we should pass a farm bill, one that America’s farmers and ranchers can depend on, one that protects vulnerable children and adults in times of need, and one that gives rural communities opportunities grow, and the longer-term certainty they deserve.We won’t suddenly agree on everything now that the cloud of crisis has passed.But we shouldn’t hold back on places where we do agree.Just because we don’t think it’s good politics.Or just because the extremes in our parties don’t like compromise.I’ll look for willing partners from either party get important work done.There is no good reason why we can’t govern responsibly, without lurching from manufactures crisis to manufactured crisis.Because that isn’t governing.It just hurting the people we were sent here to serve.Those of us who have the privilege to serve this country, have an obligation to do our job the best we can.We come from different parties, but we’re Americans first 大家好，本周在全体民主党和部分负责的共和党人的共同努力下，政府恢复运行。由于拖欠债务而对经济造成的威胁也随之消失。这次政府停摆引发了许多关于政治运作的讨论。但实际上，在这件事情上没有赢家.当下我们需要的是更快的经济增长以及更多的就业机会。而这次由于人为因素产生的危机无疑损害了我国的就业和经济增长。你们对政府的不满达到了一个前所未有的高度,我完全理解你们现在的感受。政府的运作方式必须做出改变.眼下危机和动荡都已经解除。我们应该将重点放在人民希望我们做的事情上。加快经济增长，创造更多的就业机会，壮大中产阶级，为全面的繁荣奠定基础,并从长远的角度出发，理顺我们的财政情况。任务任然艰巨,但是我们还是能够有所作为的。
具体来说，我认为以下三个方面,应当成为民主党和共和党当下合作的重中之重。
第一，两党成员应该坐下来制定出一项更加平衡有效的预算。使其能够在推动经济发展的同事减少我们的财政赤字，在经济增长和财政问责问题上没有讨论的余地，两者必须兼顾.如果我们预算的重点和美国人民的重点不符,我们便犯下严重的错误，当下人民需要更多薪酬丰厚的好工作,如果我们将更多的资源用于教育基础设施以及科研的建设,相应减少一些我们不需要的项目。填补企业税存在的漏洞，正是它们阻碍了就业机会的增长,与往年相比，这些应该都是很容易除了的问题。因为我们的财政赤字正在缩小，而非扩大。
第二，我们应该尽快完成对现有移民体系的改革，如今全国上下已经有不少人致力于完成这项任务，他们中包括企业领导者，宗教领袖以及司法工作人员。这将有助于我国的经济增长，此举还能保卫我国边疆安全。参议院已经投票通过了一项跨党派合作的议案。希望众议院也有所行动。因为这代表了绝大部分美国人的意愿。我们并且有义务确保这项改革在年底前完成。
奥巴马电视讲话 篇3
一、国内外研究现状
礼貌的概念源于美国社会学家Erving Goffman关于“面子”的著作。他认为人们在日常交际活动中, 为了使自己的行为有面子会去做“面子工作”。Goffman认为这解释了人们在交际中为何礼貌行事。1973年, Robin Lakoff提出了三个关于礼貌原则的基本条件:不要强加于人;给他人以选择;与对方友善。但受到后人的质疑和修改。其中Geoffrey Leech的礼貌原则最具影响力, 其包括6大准则:得体准则、慷慨准则、赞扬准则、谦虚准则、赞同准则和同情准则。
近些年来, 礼貌原则研究学者试图从更多的视角, 如文化、语言形式、语境等探索, 更具有实用性。1992年徐盛恒提出了新的礼貌原则, 即关注自我、尊重对方和考虑第三方。1993年束定芳和王虹提出了赞扬和贬低理论。而文章主要采用了利奇的礼貌原则。文章以利奇的礼貌原则为理论基础, 内容如下:得体原则——最小限度地使别人受损, 最大限度地使别人受益;慷慨准则——最小限度地使自己受益, 最大限度地使自己受损;赞誉准则——最小限度地贬低别人, 最大限度地赞誉别人;谦虚准则——最小限度地赞誉自己, 最大程度地贬低自己;一致准则——使对话双方的分歧减至最小, 使对话双方的一致增至最大;同情准则——使对话双方的反感减至最小, 使对话双方的同情增至最大。
二、研究方法
文章采取定性为主、定量为辅的研究方法。系统分析了2015习近平出席中拉论坛会议的讲话和奥巴马国情咨文的讲话。分篇统计出每篇讲稿中各原则的使用数量, 然后计算出百分比。
三、研究分析
第一部分, 作者选取了习近平出席中拉论坛首届部长会议的讲话。作者统计了其他六个原则在语料中的百分比, 并分析了使用不同的原因及效果。
通过表1我们发现, 同情和谦虚准则没有使用, 作者发现同情准则一般应用在非洲等落后国家地区或发生灾难的事件中;而谦逊准则随着中国实力的增强, 越来越少使用, 尤其是与第三世界国家交流中几乎不使用。得体、慷慨和赞扬准则相对较少, 作者认为这次讲话是中国与拉美国家间的, 都是第三世界国家, 国家实力相差不大, 政治意愿都致力于建立和谐友好的关系, 因而不会过多使用。一致准则应用得最多, 作者认为这与中国和谐文化息息相关, 中国一直致力于建立和谐可持续发展的新格局, 与别国一直奉行求同存异的和平外交政策。因而, 习近平在讲话中使用一致原则最多。下面结合两个具体实例分析一致原则。
半年前, 我同拉美和加勒比国家领导人在巴西利亚举行具有里程碑意义的会晤, 双方决定建立平等互利、共同发展的中拉全面合作伙伴关系, 正式建立中拉论坛, 顺应了和平、发展、合作、共赢的时代潮流, 是中拉关系史上的创举。
中拉论坛是个新生事物, 犹如一株破土而出的嫩苗, 要茁壮成长为参天大树, 需要双方精心培育。
在讲话中, 习主席摒弃中国与拉美国家政治体制的差异, 特别强调中拉之间经济方面的共同利益, 因而中拉之间可以顺应时代潮流, 建立全面合作伙伴关系。因而一致原则在对外交流中的恰当使用可以拉近说话者与听众的距离, 有效实现交流的目的, 同时为中国树立负责任的国家形象。
第二部分作者选取了奥巴马2015国情咨文的讲话, 作者统计了6个原则在这讲话中的百分比。
表2显示, 谦虚准则没有使用, 美国文化奉行个人主义不难理解。同情、得体和慷慨准则较少, 奥巴马是美国总统, 但面对的听众是自己本国公民, 美国文化一直奉行自由不拘束的特色, 因而这三个原则体现得较少。而赞扬准则应用得相对多, 一致准则最多。下面结合实例分析:
感谢副总统拜登为改善我们国家职业培训系统所做的努力, 现在社区学院与当地雇主合作, 培养能够胜任像编程、护士和机器人技术等方面的高薪工作。
感谢米歇尔和吉尔•拜登发起的“联合力量”项目已经帮助了近70万老兵和军属获得新工作。
上述两个例子, 奥巴马通过感谢拜登和米歇尔, 拉近了他与听众的距离;也揭露了只有高科技才能使经济腾飞, 这样人们的生活才有更高的保障, 同时, 解决民生问题是政府一直以来的任务;最后也让奥巴马树立了关心民生的好总统的形象。
托儿、带薪病假、同工同酬、减低房贷、更高的最低工资, 这些想法将使数百万家庭发生有意义的变化, 这是一个事实。这是人们将我们所有人, 共和党和民主党送到华盛顿来的目的。
到这个年代末, 三分之二的工作都要求一些高等教育。但现在我们国家仍有太多聪明的、努力奋斗的人无钱支付他们所需的教育……正因为如此, 我向国会提交了一份大胆的议案, 将社区学校的学费全部减免。
就在我们谈话时, 中国正想给世界上增速最快的地区确立规则。这会给我们的工人和商业带来不利。我们为什么要让这一切发生?我们应该来书写规则, 我们应该来定义游戏规则。这就是为什么我请求两党就促进贸易给我授权, 通过与亚洲和欧洲建立更有力的、不止自由而且公平的新贸易协定, 我们可以保护美国的工人。
这是2015年国情咨文演讲, 这也是奥巴马任内第六份国情咨文。去年底, 奥巴马经历了中期选举惨败, 面对由共和党掌控的国会, 来自民主党的总统奥巴马这次讲话是他最后“闯关的机会”。上述例子中奥巴马提出“托儿、带薪病假、同工同酬、减低房贷、更高的最低工资”, “三分之二的工作都要求一些高等教育”等, 由此来争取更多的支持, 也让共和党无计可施。奥巴马抛出“中国正想给世界上增速最快的地区确立规则”“我们应该来定义游戏规则”, 通过扩大中美矛盾, 从而体现了美国内部利益的一致性。结果表明, 一致原则在奥巴马这次讲话中也得到大量体现, 这拉近了说话者和听众的距离, 树立了良好的形象。
四、结论
研究发现, 首先, 这两篇讲话中得体、慷慨和同情准则使用的较少但没有零使用。其次, 谦虚准则都没有使用, 作者认为是因为中国随着国力的增强, 在对外交流中影响越来越大;而美国文化一直奉行个人主义, 追求自由, 因而也不会采用。再次, 赞扬准则在习近平这次讲话中也很少采用, 是因为中拉是全面合作伙伴关系, 又是论坛会议, 客观性因素多;奥巴马讲话中使用较多, 是因为美国是联邦制国家, 奥巴马需要获得更多的支持才能顺利地开展他的工作。最后, 一致准则使用得最多, 这是由外交的本质决定的, 要团结别国就得求同存异。
结果表明, 礼貌原则的合理使用可以帮助讲话者拉近与听众距离和树立负责人形象。对于中国的对外交流具有一定的启示, 研究具有理论价值和现实意义。此外文章还存在许多不足, 如研究的材料数量有限, 因此, 需要研究人员的探索及改进。所以后继研究者可以继续深入研究此题目。
参考文献
[1]Goffman, E.Strategic Interaction[M].London:Oxford University Press, 1969.
[2]Robin Lakoff.The Logic of Politeness[D].Chicago:Chicago Linguistics Society, 8:291-305.
奥巴马电视讲话 篇4
奥巴马就拉丹被打死发表电视讲话(英)
Good evening.Tonight, I can report to the American people and to the world that the United States has conducted an operation that killed Osama bin Laden, the leader of al Qaeda, and a terrorist who’s responsible for the murder of thousands of innocent men, women, and children.It was nearly 10 years ago that a bright September day was darkened by the worst attack on the American people in our history.The images of 9/11 are seared into our national memory--hijacked planes cutting through a cloudless September sky;the Twin Towers collapsing to the ground;black smoke billowing up from the Pentagon;the wreckage of Flight 93 in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, where the actions of heroic citizens saved even more heartbreak and destruction.And yet we know that the worst images are those that were unseen to the world.The empty seat at the dinner table.Children who were forced to grow up without their mother or their father.Parents who would never know the feeling of their child’s embrace.Nearly 3,000 citizens taken from us, leaving a gaping hole in our hearts.On September 11, 2001, in our time of grief, the American people came together.We offered our neighbors a hand, and we offered the wounded our blood.We reaffirmed our ties to each other, and our love of community and country.On that day, no matter where we came from, what God we prayed to, or what race or ethnicity we were, we were united as one American family.We were also united in our resolve to protect our nation and to bring those who committed this vicious attack to justice.We quickly learned that the 9/11 attacks were carried out by al Qaeda--an organization headed by Osama bin Laden, which had openly declared war on the United States and was committed to killing innocents in our country and around the globe.And so we went to war against al Qaeda to protect our citizens, our friends, and our allies.Over the last 10 years, thanks to the tireless and heroic work of our military and our counterterrorism professionals, we’ve made great strides in that effort.We’ve disrupted terrorist attacks and strengthened our homeland defense.In Afghanistan, we removed the Taliban government, which had given bin Laden and al Qaeda safe haven and support.And around the globe, we worked with our friends and allies to capture or kill scores of al Qaeda terrorists, including several who were a part of the 9/11 plot.Yet Osama bin Laden avoided capture and escaped across the Afghan border into Pakistan.Meanwhile, al Qaeda continued to operate from along that border and operate through its affiliates across the world.And so shortly after taking office, I directed Leon Panetta, the director of the CIA, to make the killing or capture of bin Laden the top priority of our war against al Qaeda, even as we continued our broader efforts to disrupt, dismantle, and defeat his network.Then, last August, after years of painstaking work by our intelligence community, I was briefed on a possible lead to bin Laden.It was far from certain, and it took many months to run this thread to ground.I met repeatedly with my national security team as we developed more information about the possibility that we had located bin Laden hiding within a compound deep inside of Pakistan.And finally, last week, I determined that we had enough intelligence to take action, and authorized an operation to get Osama bin Laden and bring him to justice.Today, at my direction, the United States launched a targeted operation against that compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan.A small team of Americans carried out the operation with extraordinary courage and capability.No Americans were harmed.They took care to avoid civilian casualties.After a firefight, they killed Osama bin Laden and took custody of his body.For over two decades, bin Laden has been al Qaeda’s leader and symbol, and has continued to plot attacks against our country and our friends and allies.The death of bin Laden marks the most significant achievement to date in our nation’s effort to defeat al Qaeda.Yet his death does not mark the end of our effort.There’s no doubt that al Qaeda will continue to pursue attacks against us.We must –-and we will--remain vigilant at home and abroad.As we do, we must also reaffirm that the United States is not –-and never will be-– at war with Islam.I’ve made clear, just as President Bush did shortly after 9/11, that our war is not against Islam.Bin Laden was not a Muslim leader;he was a mass murderer of Muslims.Indeed, al Qaeda has slaughtered scores of Muslims in many countries, including our own.So his demise should be welcomed by all who believe in peace and human dignity.Over the years, I’ve repeatedly made clear that we would take action within Pakistan if we knew where bin Laden was.That is what we’ve done.But it’s important to note that our counterterrorism cooperation with Pakistan helped lead us to bin Laden and the compound where he was hiding.Indeed, bin Laden had declared war against Pakistan as well, and ordered attacks against the Pakistani people.Tonight, I called President Zardari, and my team has also spoken with their Pakistani counterparts.They agree that this is a good and historic day for both of our nations.And going forward, it is essential that Pakistan continue to join us in the fight against al Qaeda and its affiliates.The American people did not choose this fight.It came to our shores, and started with the senseless slaughter of our citizens.After nearly 10 years of service, struggle, and sacrifice, we know well the costs of war.These efforts weigh on me every time I, as Commander-in-Chief, have to sign a letter to a family that has lost a loved one, or look into the eyes of a service member who’s been gravely wounded.So Americans understand the costs of war.Yet as a country, we will never tolerate our security being threatened, nor stand idly by when our people have been killed.We will be relentless in defense of our citizens and our friends and allies.We will be true to the values that make us who we are.And on nights like this one, we can say to those families who have lost loved ones to al Qaeda’s terror: Justice has been done.Tonight, we give thanks to the countless intelligence and counterterrorism professionals who’ve worked tirelessly to achieve this outcome.The American people do not see their work, nor know their names.But tonight, they feel the satisfaction of their work and the result of their pursuit of justice.We give thanks for the men who carried out this operation, for they exemplify the professionalism, patriotism, and unparalleled courage of those who serve our country.And they are part of a generation that has borne the heaviest share of the burden since that September day.Finally, let me say to the families who lost loved ones on 9/11 that we have never forgotten your loss, nor wavered in our commitment to see that we do whatever it takes to prevent another attack on our shores.And tonight, let us think back to the sense of unity that prevailed on 9/11.I know that it has, at times, frayed.Yet today’s achievement is a testament to the greatness of our country and the determination of the American people.The cause of securing our country is not complete.But tonight, we are once again reminded that America can do whatever we set our mind to.That is the story of our history, whether it’s the pursuit of prosperity for our people, or the struggle for equality for all our citizens;our commitment to stand up for our values abroad, and our sacrifices to make the world a safer place.Let us remember that we can do these things not just because of wealth or power, but because of who we are: one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.Thank you.May God bless you.And may God bless the United States of America.
