关键词: 电视讲话
奥巴马国会演讲(精选6篇)
篇1:奥巴马国会演讲
【2012.10.06】奥巴马每周电视讲话:国会应该继续推动美国向前发展 Weekly Address: Congress Should Keep America Moving Forward
每周电视讲话:国会应该继续推动美国向前发展
WASHINGTON, DC—In this week’s address, President Obama told the American people that as a nation we are moving forward four years after the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression.While there’s more work to do, America’s businesses have added 5.2 million jobs over the past 31 months and the unemployment rate is at the lowest level since the President took office.To keep our country moving forward, Congress should act on the President’s plan to keep taxes low for 98% of the American people, rather than holding it hostage to give more budget-busting tax cuts to the wealthiest 2%.Congress should cut red tape so responsible homeowners can save about $3,000 a year on their mortgage by refinancing at lower rates, and act on the President’s proposal to create a veterans jobs corps to help our returning heroes find work.It’s time for our elected leaders to get back to work to help the middle class and build our economy from the middle-out, not the top down.华盛顿:在本周的讲话中,奥巴马总统告诉美国民众,在遭遇大萧条以来最严重的经济危机的四年之后,我们正在推动国家向前发展。尽管美国的企业在过去31个月里提供了520万个工作岗位,失业率也降低到总统上任以来的最低水平,但我们还有更多的工作要做。为了让我们国家继续向前发展,国会应该通过总统提出的让98%的美国人的税率保持在较低水平的方案,而不是以此为要挟,用超预算的方式为最富有的2%的人减税。国会还应该简化繁琐的程序让有偿债能力的房屋所有者能利用低利率进行转按揭贷款,这样他们每年可以节省3000美元,国会还应该同意总统提出的创建一个退伍军人就业促进会的提案,以帮助回到家乡的英雄们找到工作。现在,我们的民选官员们应该回到工作岗位,以帮助中产阶级为出发点,而不是用自上而下的方式建设我们的经济。
Hi, everybody.Four years after the worst economic crisis of our lifetimes, we’re seeing signs that, as a nation, we’re moving forward again.大家好!在我们遭遇人生当中最严重的经济危机四年之后,我们目睹了国家再次向前发展的信号。
After losing about 800,000 jobs a month when I took office, our businesses have now added 5.2 million new jobs over the past two and a half years.And on Friday, we learned that the unemployment rate is now at its lowest level since I took office.More Americans are entering the workforce.More Americans are getting jobs.在我上任当月的80万人失业之后,我们的企业在过去的两年半时间里共增加了520万个工作岗位。周五,我们得知失业率已经降到我上任以来的最低水平。更多的美国人走上了工作岗位,越来越多的美国人得到了工作。
But too many of our friends and neighbors are still looking for work or struggling to pay the bills – many of them since long before this crisis hit.但是,我们还有很多朋友和邻居依然在寻找工作或为平衡收支而挣扎,很多人自这次危机来袭之前就是这样。
We owe it to them to keep moving forward.We’ve come too far to turn back now.And we’ve made too much progress to return to the policies that got us into this mess in the first place.在经济发展的同时,我们亏欠他们的。我们实现了足够多的目标,现在应该回过头来了。我们取得了足够多的成就,现在更重要的是回头审视那些把我们拖入混乱的政策。
For example – two years ago, we put in place tougher, commonsense rules of the road for Wall Street to make sure that the kind of crisis we’ve been fighting back from never happens again.例如,两年前,我们为华尔街实施了更为严厉、更符合常理的监管措施,以确保我们曾经抗击的金融危机不会再次上演。
These rules mean that big banks are no longer going to be able to make risky bets with your deposits.And if a big bank does make a bad decision, they pay for it – not taxpayers.这些措施意味着大型银行再也不能用大家的存款当作高风险的赌注。而且一旦大型银行做出了错误的决定,他们就得自己埋单,而不是由纳税人埋单。
And we also put in place the strongest consumer protections in our history to crack down on the worst practices of credit card companies and mortgage lenders.另外,我们还实施了有史以来最强有力的消费者保护措施,对信用卡公司和抵押贷款放贷人的恶劣行径进行严厉打击。
But for some reason, some Republicans in Congress are still waging an all-out battle to delay, defund and dismantle these commonsense new rules.但由于某些原因,国会的一些共和党人依然发动一场全面的阻击战来延迟、瓦解乃至废除这些符合常理的新措施。
Why? Do they think undoing rules that protect families from the worst practices of credit card companies and mortgage lenders will make the middle class stronger? Do they think getting rid of rules to prevent another crisis on Wall Street will make Main Street any safer?
为什么?难道他们认为在保护人们免受信用卡公司和抵押放贷人的恶行的欺诈上,少了这些监管措施能让中产阶级变得更强大吗?难道他们认为在预防另一场华尔街危机上,取消这些措施能让中产阶级更安全吗?
Republicans in Congress need to stop trying to refight the battles of the past few years, and finally start doing something to actually help the middle class get ahead.国会的共和党人应该停止在过去数年里一直进行的斗争,开始做些实实在在的事情,帮助中产阶级成长壮大。
And here are three things they can do right now.现在,有三件事情他们可以做。
First, Congress needs to step up and guarantee that 98% of Americans and 97% of small business owners won’t see their taxes go up next year.This is something that everyone says they agree on.It should have gotten done months ago.But Republicans in Congress are standing in the way.They’re holding tax cuts for 98% of Americans hostage until we pass tax cuts for the wealthiest 2% of Americans.Ask them how that helps the middle class.其一,国会应该加快步伐,保证98%的美国人和97%的中小企业主明年的赋税不会上涨。这件事是所有人都同意的。本来应该在几个月前就做好的。但国会的共和党人却一直在挡道。他们以为98%的美国人减税为要挟,想让我们先通过对2%最富有的人减税。请问为富人减税如何能帮助中产阶级呢?
Second, Congress needs to step up and provide every responsible homeowner a chance to save about $3,000 a year on their mortgage by refinancing at lower rates.I gave them a plan to do that-back in February.It’s a plan that has the support of independent, nonpartisan economists and leaders across the housing industry.But Republicans won’t even let that plan come to a vote.Ask them how that helps homeowners.其二,国会要加快步伐,为有偿债能力的房产所有者一个机会,让他们可以利用当前的低利率进行转按揭贷款,这样每年可以节省3000美元。我今年2月就向国会提交了这一计划。该计划得到了无党派独立经济学家以及房地产业领头人的支持。但对这一计划共和党人却连投票的机会都不给。请问他们如何能帮助房屋所有者呢?
Third, Congress needs to step up and pass my plan to create a veterans jobs corps to help our returning heroes find work as cops, firefighters and park rangers in communities across the country.A few weeks ago, Republicans in the Senate voted that plan down.Ask them why someone who fights for this country abroad should have to fight for a job when they come home.其三,国会需要加快步伐,通过我提出的成立退伍军人就业推进会的计划,以此来帮助回到家乡的英雄们找到一份工作,比方说全国各地都需要的警察、消防员或护林员等。几个星期前,参议院的共和党人否决了这一计划。请问他们为什么要让那些为国家在海外战斗的人回到家乡还要为找到一份工作继续战斗呢?
Ask them to get back to work and get these things done.If we’re going to keep this economy moving forward, there’s no time for political games.Even in a political season.Everyone needs to do their part.If you agree with me, let your Representative know where you stand.Tell them that if they want your vote, then they need to stand with you and not in the way of our recovery.请他们回到岗位把这些事情做好。如果我们想要推动我们的经济继续前进的话,那么我们就没有时间继续这种政治游戏了。即便在大选期间也是如此。每个人都需要尽到自己的职责。如果大家同意我的观点,让你们的议员们知道你们的立场。告诉他们如果他们需要你们的投票,那么他们就需要与你们站在一起,而不是挡住经济复苏的道路。
Thanks and have a great weekend.谢谢,周末愉快。
篇2:奥巴马国会演讲
Hi, everybody.In recent weeks, you might have noticed something.Or maybe even heard the sound of it if you live close enough.大家好!最近几个星期,或许大家听到些什么,或得到小道消息。
New homes are going up.In fact, construction workers are breaking ground on new homes in America at the fastest pace in more than four years.房地产开始回暖。实际上,在四年多时间里,新住宅以最快的步伐拔地而起。
At the same time, more homes are being sold.Home values are back on the rise.And foreclosure filings are at their lowest point in the five years since the housing bubble burst and left millions of responsible families holding the bag.同时,住宅成交量大增,价格回暖。自房地产泡沫破裂以来的5年里,登记丧失贷款抵押案例处于最低点,让数以百万计的家庭保住了房子。
Now, we’re not where we need to be yet.Too many homes are still underwater.Too many families are still having a hard time making the mortgage on their piece of the American Dream.现在,还不是处于最好境况。还有很多房产处于倒挂状态,很多家庭依然为供房而煎熬,以实现自己那一份美国梦。
But one of the heaviest drags on our recovery is getting lighter.Now we have to build on the progress we’ve made, and keep moving forward.但是,最严酷的时候过去了。现在必须继续加大发展力度,保持向前发展的动力。
I never believed that the best way to deal with the housing market was to just sit back, do nothing, and simply wait for things to hit bottom.That would have been a disaster for all the responsible families who – through no fault of their own – were struggling to make ends meet.我决不相信盘活房地产市场仅仅坐在那儿,什么不也做,等着它触底。对于那些努力保持收支平衡老百姓来说,那将是一个灾乱—尽管这一切不是老百姓的过错。
Instead, I’ve made helping those homeowners a priority.实际上,我的首要任务是为老百姓谋福祉。
Since I took office, my Administration has taken action to help millions of families stay in their homes.自从我就职以来,政府采取了必要的措施,帮助数以百万计的家庭保住了房子。
We teamed up with attorneys general in almost every state to investigate and crack down on the practices that caused this mess.And in the end, we secured a $25 billion settlement from the biggest banks – one of the biggest settlements in
history – and used it to provide relief to families all across America.政府差不多同每个州的首席大法官调查和打击那些导致经济危急的恶劣行径。而且最终使那些最大的银行的250亿美元的资产盘点得到安全保证—有史以最大的银行资产盘点之一—这些资产为全美家庭提供救济。
We’ve taken action to help responsible homeowners refinance their mortgages.As a result, just this year hundreds of thousands of Americans who were stuck in high-interest loans have been able to take advantage of historically low rates and are saving thousands of dollars every year.政府采取了一些必要措施,以帮助老百姓为还房贷提供资金支持。正因如此,仅今年,成千上万的老百姓曾经在高利率的打压下,现在能够享受有史以来的最低利率,每年可节省数千美元。
And now I want every homeowner in America to have that chance.I just wish it didn’t require an act of Congress.But it does.So, back in February, I sent Congress a plan to give every responsible homeowner the chance to save about $3,000 a year on their mortgage by refinancing at historically low rates.That’s the equivalent of a $3,000 tax cut.而且现在,我想让每个家庭有同样的机会。我希望这样的机会不需要国会立法。但事实并非如此。追溯到今年2月份,我提交了一份计划给国会,该计划通过降低利率方式,为还贷家庭提供资金支持,为每个家庭每年节省大约3,000美元。这等同于为每个家庭减税3000美元。
It’s a plan that we know will work.It has the support of independent, nonpartisan economists and leaders across the housing industry.It’s a no-brainer that should have passed easily.我们知道,这个计划是可行的。而且该计划得到中间派、无党派人士以及房地产行业的领头羊的支持。想都不用想,这个计划应当很容易获得通过。
But Republicans in Congress banded together and kept this plan from even coming to a vote.可是,国会共和党人拉帮结派极力阻止该计划通过。
They banded together and prevented millions of Americans – including many of you listening today – from saving $3,000 a year.That’s money that could have gone back into the value of your home, or your kid’s college savings account.That’s money that could have gone into your local businesses, so they could hire and create more jobs in your town.他们拉帮结派,阻止数百万老百姓-包括正在收听演讲的各位,每年节省大约3000美元。这些钱可以帮每个家庭急之所急,或存入小孩的大学教育帐户上。这些钱,也可以流通到当地小生意从业者,为当地创造更多的就业机会。
But Republicans in Congress still won’t let that happen.And that’s only held back the economy, when we should be doing everything we can to accelerate our
economic engine.但是,大老党人还是想法阻止计划实现。当政府竭尽所能加速经济发展时,大老党的所作为只能拖经济发展的后腿。
Let’s be honest – Republicans in Congress won’t act on this plan before the election.But maybe they’ll come to their senses afterward if you give them a push.So contact your Representative, especially if this plan will help you or someone you know.Tell him or her that American homeowners have waited long enough.Tell them that it’s time for Congress to stop standing in the way of our recovery and to start standing up for you.老实说—在大选之前,大老党人根本不想通过该计划。但是,如果大家敦促大老党人,或许他们会良心发现。因此,如果该计划有益于你或你所认识人,联系你们的国会代表。告诉他/她,老百姓等得太久了。告诉他们,在振兴经济的道路上,是停止充当拌脚石,开始充当老百姓坚强后盾的时候了。
篇3:奥巴马就职演讲的批评话语分析
“批评性话语分析是旨在把语言和语言使用与其意识形态意义联系起来的一种分析。语言并非仅仅是一种客观的传播媒介, 也是一种社会实践;语言不仅反映社会现实, 也是社会过程的介入力量。” (The N ews Journal, 2003) 因此, 批评性话语分析本质上是对语篇特别是大众语篇和官方话语进行的一种社会分析, 以提高读者对语言的敏感程度, 使他们认识到语言和现代社会生活之间微妙的关系以及语言运用和不平等的社会权力关系之间错综复杂的联系, 促使读者实现批评阅读 (critical reading) , 增强他们对大众语篇的反控制意识。
批评话语分析要求把语言作为一个多功能的系统, 因此, Halliday的系统功能语言学自然成了其主要的理论基础和方法来源。 (辛斌, 2005) 系统功能语法是一种比其他理论更适合于语篇分析的理论, 黄国文 (2001) 认为, 我们在分析语篇时完全可以用这种理论进行指导。Halliday将语言所能完成的具有无限可能性的功能抽象概括为三大语言元功能, 即概念功能 (ideational function) 、人际功能 (interpersonal function) 和语篇功能 (textual function) (徐珺, 2005) 。概念功能, 指语言用于表达说话者的内部经验, 世界及其各事物之间的逻辑关系的功能, 主要由及物 (transitivity) 系统来实现 (王冬梅, 2008) 。人际功能, 是指能表达作者 (讲话者) 的身份、地位、态度、动机以及他 (她) 对事物的推断的功能, 它直接与态度、观点等相关, 是一条展示意识形态作用的捷径。另外, 在语篇上, 名词化的过程隐藏了参与者和情态的成分, 减少了行为成分, 使客观性更强。修辞的应用也是政治演讲文本的一个重要特点, 不仅保证了政治演讲的流畅与生动, 还增加了文本的说服力。
本文将从及物性、人称代词的选择、情态系统, 语篇的修辞等方面, 对奥巴马就职演讲进行批评性话语分析。从中我们可以看到奥巴马是如何利用语言为其政治目的服务, 劝说美国的民众接受其宣扬的意识形态的。
2 奥巴马诺贝尔和平奖演讲分析
美国民主党总统候选人贝拉克·奥巴马在2008年11月4日举行的总统选举中击败共和党对手约翰·麦凯恩, 当选第56届美国总统。他是美国历史上首位非洲裔总统。本文以他的就职演说为语料, 在批评话语分析理论框架下, 根据语篇的具体特征, 选择性地分析及物性, 情态系统, 人称代词以及语篇修辞特点。
2.1 及物性
及物性 (transitivity) 是概念功能的一部分, 是以交代各种过程及其有关的参与者和环境成分来反映语言的概念功能, 其中物质过程、心理过程和关系过程是最常见的三种表示概念功能的过程。物质过程是表示做某件事的过程, 它有两个参与者:“动作者” (actor) 和“目标” (goal) ;心理过程是表示“感觉” (sensing) 的心理活动的过程, 一般有两个参与者:心理活动的主体“感觉者” (senser) 和客体即被感知的“现象” (phenomenon) ;关系过程是指反映事物之间处于任何关系的过程, 可分为“归属性关系过程” (attributive) 和“限定性关系过程” (descriptive) , 前者对事物进行描写, 后者对事物进行限定。
在演讲中, 奥巴马主要采用了物质过程和关系过程这两种及物性系统。在谈及如何重建美国经济和政治霸主的地位时, 奥巴马选择了对行为进行描述的物质过程:
(1) On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics.
(2) Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.以上各句中的动词, “proclaim”, “pick”, “dust”, “begin”属于物质动词, 表明了奥巴马的决心, 并表明他将和美国民众一起, 改善美国现有的政治管理制度, 重拾信心, 共建全新美国。而及物性系统中的关系过程是进行评价或判断最直接的方式 (Hodge & Kress, 1979) , 如以下各句中由系动词连接名词词组或形容词形成的关系过程。
(3) Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time.
(4) Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land-a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.
第三句中的“real”, “serious”, “many”是对于美国现在所面临的“challenges”的限定。第四句中的“sapping”, “nagging”则描述了美国民众所面临的信仰危机, 表明了当前局势的严重性。关系过程中一般现在时的使用增强了评价和界定的客观性。奥巴马选用这种概念过程和时态, 是想证明自己所言是普遍认可的事实, 并没有夹杂着个人的主观因素。从而, 让听众认识到美国目前所面临的问题是十分严峻的。
2.2 情态系统
系统功能语言学 (Halliday, 1994 /2000) 认为, 人们在交际过程中, 除了表达肯定和否定的两极之外, 还有介于两者之间的可能性, 即“中间状态”, 即“情态” (modality) 。情态是说话人对某个命题或提议的态度、看法, 表现了说话人的意愿或判断。全文共有单词2369个, 其中情态动词62个, 各种情态动词的使用频率如下:
但情态本身也有等级之分。情态量值分布最明显地体现在情态操作词上。通过对情态的高、中、低量值的区分, 可以看出说话者语气的轻重。当否定词在命题和情态之间转换时, 情态的高、低量值会发生逆转。要表达相对肯定的态度时采用的是高量值的情态词, 反之则使用低量值的情态词。情态词量值分布如下:
从统计数字可以看出, 奥巴马这篇演讲中用得最多的是中情态词, 共23个, 占全文情态动词的37%;高情态词, 共8个, 占全文情态动词的13%;低情态词, 共31个, 占全文情态动词的50%。这是就职演讲, 奥巴马不必使用太过激烈的情态, 只要表明自己的理念, 指出以后努力的方向。中, 低情态词的使用可以使自己的主张不带有强制的色彩, 使信息更容易被听众所接受, 从而增加了信息被听众认可的机会, 也可以避免遭受听众的批评和挑战。另外值得注意的是, 在中情态动词中, will又是演讲稿中用得最多的, 有19个之多, 占所有情态词的31%。will用于第一人称后表示决心。通过对will出现的语境的分析发现:will几乎都是刻画新总统对美国民众的承诺和未来工作的艰巨。这可以反映出奥巴马对前途所做出的主观判断, 以此来影响受众, 让他们感觉美国明天的任务很艰巨, 支持新总统的工作显得十分必要。低情态词中, 使用最多的是“can”。其大量使用使他在表达自己的执政决心和承诺时更加游刃有余。但奥巴马在这篇演讲中也使用了高情态动词“must”8次, 表示他的主观取向, 强调了美国可以而且必须取得成功, 以此来迎合美国民众的心理, 拉近与受众的距离。同时, “must”也传达出一种强制的态度, 这样总统话语权的权威化也表现得更加清楚了。
2.3 人称代词
语篇的人际元功能关注的是篇章作者和篇章意图中的读者的互动关系, 即说话人用语言表达自己的态度, 并影响听者的态度和行为。如对何人使用何种称谓, 体现着作者 (讲话者) 的态度。情态是人际功能的体现形式之一, 主观情态反映话语生成者与陈述的亲近性, 而客观情态则模糊了个体与团体的观点。在英语里, 除了情态动词、情态形容词和情态副词之外, 人称代词、实义动词、时态、直接、间接引语都可表达情态意义 (辛斌, 2005) 。政治家在演讲中非常善于运用第一人称和第二人称代词增强语言的感染力, 调节与受众之间的心理距离 (Maitland & Wilson, 1987) 。本文着重分析人际功能中的人称代词在奥巴马就职演讲中的使用。
人称代词在英语政治语篇中的应用很广泛。Beard (参见The News Journal, 2003) 指出, 政治家和他们的撰稿人对演讲中使用什么代词颇费脑汁;他们自己准备承担多大的责任;成功后他们愿意和同事分担多大的责任;他们有多大把握相信公众接受他们的观点;以及失败后他们自己准备承担多少责任。这些功能都要靠代词来实现。获胜演讲中使用的人称代词如下:
分析演讲稿我们不难发现, 在描述未来执政路上的艰难和总统的承诺的时候, 其大量使用“we” (共计61次) , “us” (22次) , “our” (67次) , “you”/“your” (共15次) , 使受众感觉到自己就是那个“you”, 不自觉地和新总统开始对话, 使受众更能体会未来的艰辛, 也增加了受众的主人翁意识, 受众和总统间的距离不自觉拉近了。奥巴马通过“we”与“I”的成功置换, 达到了“前面的路还很长很艰辛, 我需要你们的参与”的效果, 从而树立了一个锐意改革, 人民至上的新一代美国领导人形象。
2.4 修辞
“演讲者借助修辞获得支持, 最终获得政治权威 (political power) ” (郭秀梅, 1984) 。这里, “说服”将修辞与政治连在了一起, 因为政治语言的目的之一就是“说服”。因此, 演讲辞中的修辞功能不可忽视。在奥巴马的就职演讲中, 最常见的修辞形式就是排比:
(1) For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life. For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth. For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn. (为了我们, 先辈们带着微薄的细软, 横渡大洋, 寻找新生活;为了我们, 先辈们忍辱负重, 用血汗浇铸工厂;为了我们, 先辈们在荒芜的西部大地辛勤耕作, 定居他乡;为了我们, 先辈们奔赴 (独立战争中的) 康科德城和葛底斯堡、 (二战中的) 诺曼底、 (越战中的) Khe Sahn, 他们征战、死去。)
(2) Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. (同危机初露端倪之时相比, 美国人民的生产力依然旺盛;与上周、上个月或者去年相比, 我们的头脑依然富于创造力, 我们的商品和服务依然很有市场, 我们的实力不曾削弱。)
排比句的使用, 显得演讲结构紧凑。在表达对先烈的敬意时, 慷慨激昂, 在传达对美国社会, 对民众的信心的时候, 语气坚定有力掷地有声。
参考文献
[1]黄国文.功能语篇分析纵横谈[J].外语与外语教学, 2001, (12) :1-4.
[2]郭秀梅.实用英语修辞学[M].南京:江苏人民出版社, 1984.
[3]王冬梅.批评性话语分析的理论来源及主要方法[J].重庆科技学院学报 (社会科学版) , 2008, (8) .
篇4:奥巴马痛击国会“长舌男”
“冗长发言”,是美国国会一项特殊的议事规则,即参议员可通过发表长篇演说阻碍一项议案进入表决程序。它还拥有一个专有名词:“阻挠议事”。
根据美国参议院的规则,只有在所有参议员都发言完毕后才能进入表决环节,也就是说,只要有人不停发言,一旦过了预定的表决期限,投票就无法进行。使用“冗长发言”这一手段的几乎都是少数派议员,由于他们在参议院占据席位少,一旦进入投票程序,则败局已定。因此,他们经常在谈完与议案相关的话题之后继续“胡说”,目的只有一个:把时间拖够。
最初的美国参议院设计中,原本有可以强行终止讨论、直接表决的程序。但是1805年,时任美国副总统、参议院议长亚隆·伯尔提议精简规则,便去掉了这个程序。自此之后,參议院章程中便出现了这个漏洞:没有规定发言内容,也没有规定发言的长度。要想终止“冗长发言”只有一个办法:参议院的100名参议员中,只要有60名议员现场提出制止,就可以强行终止辩论。但是,参议院多数党的参议员数量往往达不到60人,一旦少数党议员开启“冗长发言”,多数党只能干瞪眼。
美国众议院则可免遭此劫:他们很早就规定了发言时间的限制,并且想要终止辩论,只要达到简单多数即可,也就是在众议院的435个席位中,获得 218票的支持。在其他西方国家议会中,限制“冗长发言”的规则也不鲜见,澳大利亚就对每次发言的时间做了限制,而英国下院则规定议员的发言必须与提案内容直接相关。因此,半个多世纪以来,“冗长发言”就成了美国参议院独一无二的“奇观”。
拖延方法无奇不有
按照规定,议员在发言时可以吃东西,可以喝水,但不能坐下,也不能离开会议大厅,连厕所都不能去。如果违反上述规定,即视为交回发言权,并且不能再要回,其他议员就可以提出表决或其他要求,“阻挠议事”即告失败。
迄今为止,“冗长发言”的纪录保持者是来自南卡罗来纳州的参议员斯特罗姆·瑟蒙德(下文称瑟蒙德),他进行了长达24小时19分钟的演讲,堪称史上最强的“拖延大王”。1957年,民主党领袖林登·约翰逊在参议院推动旨在实现种族平权的民权法案,瑟蒙德虽然也是民主党成员,但出身南方,是著名的保守主义者,因此充当了阻挠这一法案的急先锋。讨论法案当天,54岁的瑟蒙德做好了充分的准备:先洗了个桑拿,把自己体内的水分蒸干;又在衣帽间放了一只桶,万一需要如厕,可以在这里解决,同时要保证有一只脚踩在参议院会场的地板上。
当晚8点45分,瑟蒙德开始了这场创纪录的发言。发言进行了3个小时后,一名共和党议员走上前去低声询问瑟蒙德还能坚持多久,得到的答复是“个把小时。”但事实证明,瑟蒙德太谦虚了。在谈完民权法案相关问题后,瑟蒙德背诵了美国前总统华盛顿的退休演说,读了当时的全部48个州的法律,甚至谈起了自家老祖母的烤饼干秘方。其间,他偶尔接过别人递上来的橙汁喝几口,或是大口咀嚼粗裸麦面包和汉堡包,但一直没有停下的意思。入夜后,参议院不得不从附近的酒店借来帆布床,让人困马乏的参议员们小睡片刻。次日下午1点40分,瑟蒙德还表示:“我已经在这儿站了17个小时了,但我仍然感觉好极了。”
出生于1937年的纽约参议员阿方斯·达玛多也是一名耐力高手。1986年,他曾经为阻止参议院就一项重要军事议案进行表决发表了长达23小时30分钟的演说,这场演说中最得力的道具是美国哥伦比亚地区的电话号码簿。1992年,他又故技重施,进行了一场15个小时14分钟的演讲,并且成功地拖垮了一项可能导致纽约北部社区失去800个工作机会的法案。这次演讲最被人称道的地方是阿方斯·达玛多在发言中深情吟唱了一段美国著名歌曲《国境之南》。
今年9月,因奥巴马医改案占据讲台21小时19分钟的克鲁兹同样出手不凡。这名“70后”高材生曾是普林斯顿大学最佳辩手,也曾是全美最年轻的检察长。即便如此,到了“冗长发言”的最后阶段,克鲁兹也只能开始“无厘头”:午夜时分,他时而引用真人秀节目对白,时而讲述其父在古巴监狱“差点被杀死”的经历,还上演了一段《星球大战》黑武士的模仿秀。尽管未能阻击奥巴马医改方案,但这番辛苦没有白费:经过这21个小时,所有美国人都记住了克鲁兹的名字。
奥巴马“受够了”
作为一项“美国特色”的政治斗争产物,“阻挠议事”一直饱受诟病。美国第二十八任总统威尔逊就曾将参议院形容为“世界上唯一一个多数人都已经同意的情况下却寸步难行的立法机构”。
奥巴马执政以来,也吃尽了“冗长发言”的苦头。在他的第一任期里,就遭到了史无前例的27起冗长辩论,第二任期以来又增添了18起。从移民政策改革到枪支管控再到医改,他的每一项重大举措在参议院都裹足不前。更让他恼火的是,由于“冗长发言”的阻挠,自己的人事任命迟迟无法落实。目前,189名获奥巴马行政任命的候选人在等待参议院表决通过,其中包括85名内阁官员和34名驻外大使。最近,共和党人再次运用“阻挠议事”的办法拒绝了奥巴马提名的美国哥伦比亚特区联邦巡回上诉法院3名法官人选。这次挫败,让民主党人对“阻挠议事”规则的不满达到了顶峰。
在这次修改“阻挠议事”规则后,如果出现“冗长发言”,只需要简单多数(即半数以上)同意,就可以启动“阻止辩论”程序。民主党本身在参议院就拥有超过一半的席位,完全可以直接依靠人数优势,终止对方的发言,直接进入投票程序。修改成功后,奥巴马表示:“投票结果表明,对共和党人的做法我们已经受够了。”
美国政治学者埃兹拉·克莱恩指出,“冗长发言”规则被修改,保障了多数党拥有更大的政策制定权和人事任命权,而少数党则失去了重要的反击武器。从这个意义上来说,这改变了美国政治体制的一个基本框架,会对未来美国的政治、法制产生巨大影响。
面对这一结局,参议院少数党领袖、共和党人米奇·麦康奈尔对民主党人发出警告:“对面的朋友们,你们很快就会后悔,你们的后悔来得会比想象的快得多。”尽管如此,奥巴马依然不为所动。对于整个民主党而言,这无疑是一场胜利——尽管只是初步的。
篇5:丘吉尔在国会的演讲
“At four o’clock this morning, Hitler attacked and invaded Russia.All his usual formalities of perfidy were observed with scrupulous technique.A non-aggression treaty had been solemnly signed and was in force between the two countries.No complaint had been made by Germany of its non-fulfillment.Under its cloak of false confidence, the German armies drew up in immense strength along a line which stretched from the White Sea to the Black Sea.And their air fleets and armoured divisions, slowly and methodically.took up their stations.Then suddenly, without declaration of war, without even an ultimatum, the German bombs rained down from the sky upon the Russian cities.The German troops violated the Russian frontiers.And an hour later, the German ambassador, who ’til the night before was lavishing his assurances of friendship-almost of alliance-upon the Russians, called upon the Russian Foreign Minister to tell him that a state of war existed between Germany and Russia.Thus was repeated, on a far larger scale, the same kind of outrage against every form of signed compact and international faith which we had witnessed in Norway, in Denmark, in Holland, in Belgium.And which Hitler’s accomplice and jackal Mussolini, so faithfully imitated in the case of Greece.All this was no surprise to me.In fact, I gave clear and precise warnings to Stalin of Stalin of what was coming.I gave him warnings, as I have given warnings to others before.I can only hope that these warnings did not fall unheeded.All we know at present is that the Russian people are defending their native soil, and that their leaders have called upon them to resist to the utmost.”
…………….The Russian danger is therefore our danger and the danger of the United States.Just as the cause of any Russian fighting for his hearth and home is the cause of free men and free people in every quarter of the globe.Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience.Let us re-double our exertion and strike with united strength while life and power remain.”
注释:
formalities:形式,手段,伎俩
perfidy:背信弃义,背叛
scrupulous:严格认真的in force
有效,在有效期中。cloak:斗篷;伪装
methodically:有条理地
ultimatum:最后通牒
violated:侵犯
ambassador:大使
lavish:慷慨地给予
alliance:联盟,同盟
accomplice:同谋,帮凶 jackal:走狗,爪牙
unheeded:被忽视的utmost:最远的,极度的,最大的 hearth and home 家园
exertion:尽力,努力
中文对照:
今天凌晨4时,希特勒已进攻并侵入俄国。他所有形式的狡诈与不忠都被极其审慎地记录下来。德俄曾签署了互不侵犯条约,并互相遵守着。德国在不履行条约之前也没有过任何抱怨。在虚伪的诺言掩护下,德国纠集大量兵力,布置在从波罗地海到黑海的战线上。他们的大机群、装甲师也缓慢而又有序地进入阵地。然后,突然间,没有宣战,甚至没有最后通牒,德国的炸弹突然在俄国城市的上空雨点般地落下,德国军队已侵犯到俄国边境。一小时后,德国大使拜见俄国外交部长,称两国已处于战争状态。而正是这位大使,昨夜还在大放厥词地向俄国人保证友谊和结盟。在很大程度上,这种不顾协约和国际信誉的暴行,是德军在挪威、丹麦、荷兰、比利时等国的暴行,以及希特勒的同党及走狗墨索里尼在希腊对其行为忠实模仿的重演。对于这一切,我都没有什么诧异。事实上,我曾清楚明确地警告过斯大林将要发生的事情。我提醒他,就像我提醒别的国家一样。我只能期望这些警告没有完全落空。现在我们所知道的是俄国人民正在为保卫祖国而战,他们的领袖正在号召他们全力抵抗外来侵略。
……
因此,俄国的危险就是我们的危险,就是美国的危险;为保卫家园而战的俄国人民的事业,就是世界各地自由人民和自由民族的事业。
篇6:奥巴马国会演讲
英文:
Winston Churchill “At four o’clock this morning, Hitler attacked and invaded Russia.All his usual formalities of perfidy were observed with scrupulous technique.A non-aggression treaty had been solemnly signed and was in force between the two countries.No complaint had been made by Germany of its non-fulfillment.Under its cloak of false confidence, the German armies drew up in immense strength along a line which stretched from the White Sea to the Black Sea.And their air fleets and armoured divisions, slowly and methodically took up their stations.Then suddenly, without declaration of war, without even an ultimatum, the German bombs rained down from the sky upon the Russian cities.The German troops violated the Russian frontiers.And an hour later, the German ambassador, who ’til the night before was lavishing his assurances of friendship——almost of alliance——upon the Russians, called upon the Russian Foreign Minister to tell him that a state of war existed between Germany and Russia.Thus was repeated, on a far larger scale, the same kind of outrage against every form of signed compact and international faith which we had witnessed in Norway, in Denmark, in Holland, in Belgium.And which Hitler’s accomplice and jackal Mussolini, so faithfully imitated in the case of Greece.All this was no surprise to me.In fact, I gave clear and precise warnings to Stalin of what was coming.I gave him warnings, as I have given warnings to others before.I can only hope that these warnings did not fall unheeded.All we know at present is that the Russian people are defending their native soil, and that their leaders have called upon them to resist to the utmost.”
注释:
formalities: 形式,手段,伎俩 perfidy: 背信弃义,背叛 scrupulous: 严格认真的 in force 有效,在有效期中。cloak: 斗篷;伪装 methodically: 有条理地 ultimatum: 最后通牒 violated: 侵犯 ambassador: 大使 lavish: 慷慨地给予 alliance: 联盟,同盟 accomplice: 同谋,帮凶 jackal: 走狗,爪牙
北京华夏树人数码科技有限公司
unheeded: 被忽视的
utmost: 最远的,极度的,最大的
中文对照:
温斯顿·丘吉尔